Unit 5 discussion Exploring 1960 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 conversation Exploring 1960 - Research Paper Example Harmony, love, and fraternity were the mantra of the American Hippie. The nonconformist development (subculture) cut across pretty much every circle of American life, comprehensive of political, social, and customary convictions. The Hippie development was an expansive subculture that fundamentally modified the texture of American culture and society (Callan, 2006). Here and there, Hippies changed the design, music, and way of life of America. The gathering altered people’s observation on untouchable subjects, for example, sex, as it comprehensively saw sex personalities and wants as something to be investigated instead of being contained. Neo-Nazism is a general term consolidating perspectives, for example, extremist, patriot, racial oppressor, hostile to Semitic convictions, and political propensities trying to resuscitate the Nazi request or set up new request grounded in teachings like those supporting Nazi Germany. The counterculture development has a solid likeness with white patriot and white force skinhead developments (Lewis, 1996). Neo-Nazism is transcendent in patriot far-right gatherings, for example, National Alliance and radicalized renditions of protestantism. The development exhibits despise towards minorities, gays and lesbians and seeks after the foundation of extremist political states. Neo-Nazism counterculture consolidates politically wrong philosophies, for example, activist patriotism, homophobia, bigotry, xenophobia, prejudice, and against Semitism. Counterculture alludes to a social gathering whose qualities and standards are in struggle with those of the social standard (Gay, 1997). Neo-Nazism is a counterculture since its philosophies, for example, xenophobic patriotism and National Socialism are at chances with the standard social goals, other than the vast majority of its beliefs are unequivocally prohibited by constitutions and criminal laws of numerous

Risk Factors in ERP Maintenance Projects

Question: Examine about the Risk Factors in ERP Maintenance Projects. Answer: Presentation The ERP usage has been hazardous for enormous number of associations. As per the examination, the disappointment of ERP in the business associations has demonstrated that the usage of ERP isn't so natural. The usage of ERP are exceptionally mind boggling, asset escalated, tedious and exorbitant. The principle challenge that frequently leaves associations marooned with regards to handles the intricate activities and it requires colossal measure of assets. Absence of gifted works and spending sums forestall may associations to concentrate on the means to guarantee that the ERP is suitably arranged and executed to address the issues of the association (Agrawal, 2009). There are numerous innovative, individuals, operational and business forms gives that expansion the danger of usage of ERP. Consequently, various kinds of hazard factors however the most basic is the individuals issues. The issues identified with individuals are up and down the path previously, after, and during the execut ion of ERP. The achievement of the usage of ERP is viewed as mind boggling process and required tremendous measure of assets. Conversation examination The ERP execution isn't a simple assignment as it requires immense measure of assets. The board, representatives, advisors, merchants and execution group are the most basic factors that force huge effect on the disappointment or accomplishment of the ERP framework. The ERP execution is a change and it is the idea of human that opposes the change. In this manner, usage of ERP faces some sum protections. Accordingly, an association necessitates that their supervisory crew and representatives ought to have the necessary information and expertise to deal with the procedure of ERP. On the off chance that the workers and other colleagues are not persuaded and OK with the execution of ERP then they won't be co-usable that can bring about the disappointment of the ERP framework (Andrzej Partyka, 2009). In this manner, it is a lot of significant that the clients of the framework ought to have the ability to help the operational procedure of the framework. The individuals issues are inside sta ff sufficiency, change the board, preparing, venture group, staffing, preparing, top administration support, cost of proprietorship, specialists, protection from change, discipline. Inward staff sufficiency The execution of ER requires enormous number of individuals from inside and outside the association. The outside individuals are delegates and experts of the bundle merchant and equipment. The ERP usage requires talented representatives that will assist with diminishing worker opposition. The enlistment of talented workers is a troublesome errand yet it should be finished by the human asset division. On the off chance that adequate talented workers are not accessible in the association, at that point more experts ought to be recruited that expansion the expense of usage (Burrow and Kleindl, 2012). Task group and preparing The execution of ERP framework is an exceptionally perplexing procedure which requires innovative changes and social changes. The allotment of assignments is the duty of the administration division and it requires fitting procedures. The workers ought to be given satisfactory preparing which will expand their effectiveness to deal with the framework. As per the examination, numerous associations dismisses the preparation programs that ought to be given to the representatives and guiding them suitably. Preparing of the workers happens toward the finish of the ERP execution cycle (Sen, 2008). The absence of suitable preparing would keep associations and individuals from extricating the full profit by the framework that can bring about imperfect or bombed execution. Representative re-preparing and re-area The improvement of the new procedures would bring about development of depiction of new position. The machine of the manual assignments and advancement of the new undertakings requires information and abilities. The representatives can oppose the progressions and the HR supervisor ought to deal with the beginning time of ERP usage. The activity assignments should be overseen in an amicable and pleasing way. The adjustments in the association ought to be overseen properly and to deal with all the issues (Gupta and Misra, 2016). The execution of ERP framework requires techniques and the human asset the executives is a lot of significant. The usage, upkeep and activity of the ERP require talented workers. The distribution of the undertakings ought to be fittingly done that coordinates the ability and fitness of the representatives as it is considered as the basic factor for progress. The advantages ought to be alluringly fixed as there would be overwhelming heap of work during the execution of ERP and during the underlying period of change or activity (Sheldon, 2005). The turnover of the representatives during the change stages and usage can influence the timetables and it can bring about the deferred execution and significant expense. Along these lines, it is significant for the association to limit the turnover of the workers during the basic stages by keeping the representatives upbeat. Top administration support The help of the top administration during the execution of ERP is vital and significant for the association. The intricate component of the ERP ventures requires colossal assets during the execution of the framework. The ERP usage requires authorization and backing of the top administration. The help of the top administration is additionally require to deal with the obstruction of the workers. In the event that the representatives feel that the top administration isn't supporting the usage of ERP framework that they would likewise not bolster the execution of the framework that will bring about the disappointment of the usage (Gupta, 2008). Experts The experts are the person who underpins in the execution of ERP. The advisors may not be acquainted with the authoritative culture and inward functions. They may likewise confront difficulties during the execution of ERP. In this way, so as to limit the hazard, experts ought to be furnished with a ranking director who will manage him and acquainting them with the operations and culture of the organization (Sumner, 2005). The execution of ERP framework should be possible by comprehending the interior issue of an organization. Control The ERP framework requires control of the representatives and supervisory group. The administration should screen continually the support, usage and activity of the ERP framework and embracing remedial activities. The representatives ought to be prepared that will assist them with using the framework properly. The leaders and directors should utilize the joining data so as to settle on educated and better choice (Zaveri, 2009). The methodologies and strategies require assurance and control that will help in the usage of the ERP framework. Protection from Change The issue of the workers ought to be decide and broke down by the administration division. Numerous individuals have parcel of misguided judgment about the usage of the ERP that it will expand the heap of work, block inventive work, can make numerous individuals jobless. The administration office ought to put away cash and time to teach the clients that can assist with diminishing the client obstruction. The ERP framework is exchange engaged and used to oversee vital operational capacities, for example, materials the board, acquisition arranging, business, coordinations and request following. The utilizations of ERP are multi module and it incorporates human and money asset the executives. The ERP framework would change the manner in which associations do organizations and the manner in which representatives work. The activity profiles will change and the organization capacities will likewise change, for example, arranging, controlling and dynamic procedures (Das and Das, 2006). Be that as it may, changing the extents of the undertakings is likewise a significant issue that will build up a great deal of turmoil and disarray. So as to stop these issues, venture crucial sanction ought to be plainly characterized. The undertaking required ought to be resolved and the task group ought to continually move towards their objectives. Basic examination of the contextual investigation with correlation According to the ERP usage are thought of, which is portrayed as the undertaking industry the executives framework utilized with the coordination of the merchant programming and along these lines, the application in regards to the administration of the frameworks are properly executed. According to the examination of the Rosenmann, it incorporates the basic reconciliation of the business answers for the dangers that are looked by the association and subsequently the primary authoritative capacities, for example, bookkeeping, the executives and so forth can be worked in a fitting way (Jorda?o and Sousa, 2010). The far reaching bundles demonstrate the incorporated administration which is by all accounts conceivable with the assistance of the bundles of the product arrangements and in this manner the total scope of the business procedure and the capacities are methodical introduced in a comprehensive way. According to the instance of the Men and Mice: An ERP Case is attempted, it shows the money related administrators outfits who are occupied with introducing the ERP frameworks in the association. The contextual investigation attempted additionally gives the review of the issues that are looked by the association of The Jackson Laboratory (CFO, 2016). The reasons for this kind of breakdown lead to the inside data innovation interference and in this manner the untested framework integrators help in making the cost overwhelm of the ERP frameworks. Because of this, the deferring of the tasks, the compromising of the companys picture and the client connection is locked in which likewise helps in the arrangement of the picture devastation. It in this way additionally prompts dangers for the association in different structures and subsequently the administration center around the accomplishment of the objectives is by all accounts destructed. With the ID of these dangers components of without utilizing ERP in the association, the improper support of the association is e mbraced, and

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS SUCCESS. CASE STUDY HM â€" Thesis Example > 10th, December, 2009PART ACurrent SituationScheduled Objectives: This project has several objectives all which if accomplished produces an appropriate secure infrastructure design for H R. Several of the objectives have been met but there are others yet to be met. These are: To produce a report containing the High risk factors involved in IT security management and recommend ways of improvement. High risk factors have been identified but a complete report has not yet been compiled describing them and how they can be reduced or eliminated. The high risk factors already identified include: The risk of losing computer files due to inadequate system’s securityThe risk of self destructive programs or destructive programs left by rivalsThe risk of the organization’s computer systems being infected by virusesRisks due to the use of inappropriate techniques (Cazemier et al, 1999)b). to evaluate the outcome. Objectives in the Process of Being Achieved: This is not yet accomplished but is in the process of being accomplished. a). To produce a report containing the high risk factors involved in IT security management and recommend ways of improvement. As noted above, the high risk factors have been identified and currently, a research on how these risks can be eliminated and reduced is underway. This process also includes identifying other alternatives apart from the already identified secure infrastructure designs and implementation methods. Completed Work: The following objectives have been met. research on the secure network infrastructure for ecommerceanalysis and evaluation of a secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategies investigation of the benefits of ecommerce and the use of internet on business in order to identify the benefits of the new system and Determination of the assumptions and constrains of the secure network infrastructure for e-CommerceProblem Areas: Currently there are no problems being experienced. Key Work during the Next Period: Task  Responsibility  Estimated time in dayLiterature SearchResearch from academic publications, internet, textbooks etc. CompleteCollecting information Researching on the various secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategies CompleteAnalyzing the collected information Analyzing and evaluating the collected secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategies CompleteEvaluation of the benefits of the new systemEvaluating the benefits of the secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategiesCompleteDetermine the assumptions and constrains of the systemEvaluating the benefits of the secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategies CompleteInitial Report Produce initial report (draft report) CompleteInterim Report Produce the Research finding reports CompleteDesign and implementation of the new system. Evaluating the benefits of the secure network infrastructure for ecommerce strategies 14daysFinal ReportProduce final Report 5daysTOTAL= 19 DaysPART BThe Draft Repo rtTable of Contents1.0 Introduction: this section will give a brief description of what the project is about, its importance to the organization and how it can be implemented. 2.0 Literature review: This will describe in detail about secure network infrastructure for e-commerce and information security management. All necessary information about secure network infrastructure and its implementation will be described in this section giving more information than already given below. 3.0 Justification: This will describe the reason why it is important for an organization to have a secure network infrastructure for e-Commerce strategies. It will give the reason for developing a secure network infrastructure for H R.4.0 Objectives5.0 Methods: This section will describe the methods used to accomplish the missions of the project. 6.0 Results: This section will show the accomplishments made by use of the methods described above. 7.0 Design and Implementation: A description of the appropria te design that has been selected will be given along with how it can be implemented to ensure secure management of H R’s information system. 8.0 Importance and benefits of the infrastructure to the organization9.0 Conclusion10.0 References1.0 IntroductionThe current business field has developed to a level where corporate organizations use certain information technology applications to act as a medium of communication, transactions, book keeping and so on. These systems enable sharing of data among individuals and corporate companies including the unauthorised people. Corporations’ interconnectivity has to remain within local connections, that is, important information that needs not to be shared by outsiders should not leave the company’s local area network. In order to ensure this happens, an information security system has to be established.

Media Symbols Have Minimal Effects On Individuals - 955 Words

Though there are researchers that may take the position that media symbols have minimal effects on individuals (Frazer, 1987), evidence suggests the contrary (Milkie, 1999; Evans McConnell, 2003; Goodman, 2002; Mok, 1998). Women tend to be more at a disadvantage because cultural beliefs and stereotypes provide narrower, and more damaging images about women than about men (Milkie, 2002). The standards of what women should do, be, and look like are powerful, but subtle channels through which women are controlled (Milkie, 2002). These images become fundamental points of reference in defining femininity and are reasoned to have negative impacts on both women and girls (Smith 1990). Feminist researchers have argued that a significant way that the disadvantage of women and minorities is produced and maintained is through â€Å"symbolic annihilation† in media. In other words overlooking or depicting these marginalized groups in narrow, condescending, trivializing or distorted ways (Gerbner, 1993; Tuchman 1978a). One of the persistent forms of symbolic annihilation is a â€Å"distorted and narrow definition of female beauty† (Milkie, 2002). The standard of female beauty is primarily white (Evans, Mok) and emphasizes thinness (Cash Henry 1995; Freedman 1984; Heinberg Thompson, 1995). Though comparing one’s self to mainstream beauty standards may negatively impact one’s self-esteem, research has shown that conceptions of self for certain social groups â€Å"do not necessarily suffer in theShow MoreRelated Gender and Sport Socialization Essay511 Words   |  3 PagesGender and Sport Socialization Socialization is a life long process whereby the individual learns the appropriate roles and norms of behaviour within a particular society. 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The National Multiple Sclerosis Society in Singapore

Introduction: The National Multiple Sclerosis Society In Singapore The National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a non- profit organization that supports MS related research and provides programs for people with MS and their families. Multiple Sclerosis is an auto- immune disease. It is a chronic and often disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system. The mission statement of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. The funds that are provided by the society are used in research, programs, and education. The Society helps to raise the awareness of Multiple Sclerosis around the world. (Reference 6) The Multiple Sclerosis Society is a worldwide organization that†¦show more content†¦The Chief of State is President Sellapan Ramis. The President is a figurehead and has no real power for decision-making. The Head of Government is Prime Minister Goh Cho Tong. The prime minister is in charge of government policy and state of affai rs. Singapore s political parties include National Solidarity Party, People s Action Party, and Singaporean Democratic Party, which is the governing party, Singaporean People s party, and the Workers Party. Singapore has a Legal System based on English Common Law and Suffrage.(Reference 1) Singapore Law Singapore s law is enacted by Singapore Parliament and consist of the Singaporean Constitution, legislation and subsidiary legislation. The Constitution lays down the fundamental principles and basic framework of state organization and enshrines the fundamental rights of the individual. Singapore can be very strict when it comes to their laws for example they are sometimes called fine city their laws particularly dealing with littering. If one litters there are large fines for first offenders and public humiliation for repeat offenders. 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Steps of Coducting an Audit Free Essays

I sincerely hope that this assignment meets your approval and demonstrates my ability to resent assignments. If you require further clarification, I will be happy to contact you according to your convenience. Sincerely, Ishrat Nahid ID: 0930183 Executive Summery An auditor is an official whose Job it is to carefully check the accuracy of business records. We will write a custom essay sample on Steps of Coducting an Audit or any similar topic only for you Order Now An auditor can be either an independent auditor unaffiliated with the company being audited or a captive auditor, and some are elected public officials. Auditors are used to ensure that organizations are maintaining accurate and honest financial records and statements. In this report I have written about the plan of audit and the importance of ndependence of auditors. Planning the audit is an important step to conduct the audit. Auditor uses different planning methods to determine risk assessment, assessment of internal controls etc. The auditor either internal or external cannot complete all the aspects of the audit in one year. The auditors plan the audit is such a way they can cover the audit over a period of time. Auditor independence is one of the most important issues in accounting practice today. Independence increases the effectiveness of the audit by providing assurance that the auditor will plan and execute the audit objectively. High-quality audits enhance the reliability of the financial reporting process by investors and other users. Topic 1. Planning of audit 15- 163. References Page no 5-14 2. Independence of auditor 17 audit report Planning refers to the process of deciding what to do and how to do it. Planning involves selecting mission and objective and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making that is, choosing from among alternative future course of actions. Plans thus provide a rational approach to achieving reselected objectives. Planning is an intellectually demanding process; it requires that we consciously determine ourses of action and base our decisions on purpose, knowledge and considered estimates. An audit plan is the specific guideling to be followed when conducting an internal or external audit. Internal audits are usually conducted by a company’s accounting staff and are primarily used for a management review of accounting process. External audits are conduct by external public accounting firms or private certified accountants (CPA) to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial information is prepared in accordance with that Jurisdiction’s accepted accounting principles. External audit usually use a formal audit plan for auditors to follow when conducting audits. Audit planning improves the quality of audit work. It is necessary for an effective, efficient and timely audit. Adequate audit planning establishes the right means to achieve the objectives of audit. It helps in identifying potential problems and ensures that work is completed expeditiously. An audit plan does help the auditor not only to understand the scope of audit but also facilities smooth conduct of audit. Auditors use five types of test to determine whether financial statements are fairly stated: rocedures to obtain understanding of internal control, tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, analytical procedures and tests of details of balances. All audit procedures fall into one or more than one of these five categories. By these tests detection risk reduces and effectiveness of internal control has increase. Five types of tests are firstly, update and evaluate the auditor’s previous experience with the entity. Secondly, make inquiries of client personnel. Thirdly, read client’s policy and systems manuals. Fourthly, examine documents and records. Fifthly, observe entity and operations. A meaningful audit plan considers some basic steps. If these basic steps are the minimal possible time. Step 1: Talk to the client The auditor discusses the nature of the engagement and the client’s business and industry trends at the beginning of planning. Insights gained from this discussion help the au ditor navigate through the remainder of the audit planning procedures. These insights set the stage for an active two way communication process that result in a fully engaged audi tor. Step 2: Obtaining background information An extensive understanding of the clients business and industry and knowledge bout the company’s operations are essential for doing an adequate audit. The auditor asks about recent developments in the company that may cause the audit to differ from prior years. Developments such as mergers, new locations or new product lines may have a significant impact on the audit plan for the current year. These discussions take place at the client 10 cation. Going on site provides the auditor the opportunity to meet with key employees or new employees and to see for him or herself any changes in the overall operations of the client. Step 3: Prepare A Complete list of items needed from the client Before starting uditing auditors require samples, documents and many other papers those auditors need to audit. A meaningful audit plan pro vides an updated list of client-prepared items that considers the following: New schedules because of changed risk profiles at the client New schedules resulting from a change in audit ap proach Example schedules and templates so the client prepares them in the auditors desired format Insertion of due dates for each schedule that has been agreed to by the client For larger clients, insert the name of a person respon Sible for the completion of the schedule that has been agreed to by the client How to cite Steps of Coducting an Audit, Papers

Organisational Behaviour and People Management for Bureaucracy

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Behaviour and People Management for Bureaucracy. Answer: Introduction An organisation can be considered as a group or team of people working collectively to achieve a united mission or vision. The inclusion of the word team in the definition of an organisation defines the importance of team work in the business world. Team work in business organisations can produce synergies and can fresh perspectives and new solutions to problems (HEATHFIELD, 2018). As a result, business organisations in the present day world are trying their best to boost team work in their workplace so that they can achieve the benefits related with effective team work. In this report, we will discuss certain strategies that can help an organisation in building efficient teams. Team building strategies One of the areas where the human resource managers of business organisations face trouble is related with promoting a team oriented environment in the workplace. Due to workplace politics and bureaucracy, working as teams can sometime become challenging for the employees. Certain strategies that can help in promoting a team oriented environment in the workplace are discussed below: First of all, working in teams should be considered important right from the beginning of an organisation i.e., from the recruitment process. The recruitment process of business organisations should test the ability of the candidates to work with others as a team. This can be done by including certain team related questions in the interviews or the testing stage or by assessing the socialisation preferences of a candidate. Secondly, the leaders of the organisation should keep a check on workplace bureaucracy and politics. The leaders of the organisation can arrange for regular sessions where employees will be divided into teams and each team will be assigned a specific task to be accomplished (Cardinal, 2015). These teams should be shuffled after a while so that they do not develop a comfort zone of their own and can also get a change to interact with employees from different teams. Constant shuffling of teams and team oriented activities can help in keeping the employees engaged and comfortable in working as a team. Thirdly, evaluating team performance is one of the most important strategy in an attempt to build a team working environment. Employees should be constantly evaluated on the performance that they demonstrate as a team member along with the performance of each team (Berkeley University of California, 2018). Teams that demonstrate exceptional performance can be given rewards, which will reinforce the importance of working as teams in the minds of the employees. Lastly, establishing a common goal for the employees and providing a clarity of the common goals can also help in bringing them together as a team. Conclusion Team building is important in business organisations as it helps in creating synergies and achieving something that the employees cannot achieve individually. Team building can sometimes be difficult but by demonstrating the correct leadership skills and using the right strategies, leaders of the organisation can actually foster a team oriented environment in the workplace. References HEATHFIELD, S. M. (2018, February 28). What Is a Team? . Retrieved April 2, 2018, from www.thebalance.com: https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-team-1919226 Cardinal, R. (2015, April 23). 5 Steps to Building an Effective Team . Retrieved April 2, 2018, from www.huffingtonpost.com: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rosalind-cardinal/5-steps-to-building-an-effective-team_b_7132406.html Berkeley University of California. (2018). Steps to Building an Effective Team . Retrieved April 2, 2018, from hr.berkeley.edu: https://hr.berkeley.edu/hr-network/central-guide-managing-hr/managing-hr/interaction/team-building/steps

10 Countries with the Highest Population Density

10 Countries with the Highest Population Density Cities are known for being crowded, but some cities are far more crowded than others. What makes a city feel crowded isnt just the number of people who live there but the physical size of the city. Population density refers to the number of people per square mile. According to the Population Reference Bureau, these ten countries have the worlds highest population densities 1. Manila, Philippines - 107,562 per square mile The capital of the Philippines is home to roughly two million people. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay the city is home to one of the finest ports in the country. The city regularly hosts over a million  tourists each year, making the busy streets even more crowded. 2. Mumbai, India - 73,837 per square mile Its no surprise that the Indian city Mumbai comes in second on this list with a population of over 12 million people. The city is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. The city lies on the West coast of India and has a deep natural bay. In 2008, it was dubbed an alpha world city. 3. Dhaka, Bangladesh - 73,583 per square mile Known as the city of mosques, Dhaka is home to roughly 17 million people. It was once one of the most wealthy and prosperous cities in the world. Today the city is the countries political, economic and cultural center. It has one of the largest stock markets in South Asia. 4. Caloocan, Philippines - 72,305 per square mile Historically, Caloocan is important for being home to the secret militant society that spurred the Philippine  Revolution, also known as the Tagalong war, against Spanish colonialists. Now the city is home to almost two million people. 5. Bnei Brak, Isreal - 70,705 per square mile Just east of Tel Aviv, this city is home to 193,500 residents. It is home to one of the largest coca-cola bottling plants in the world. Israels first womens only department stores were built in Bnei Brak; its an example of the gender segregation; implemented by the ultra Orthodox Jewish population. 6. Levallois-Perret, France - 68,458 per square mile Located roughly four miles from Paris, Levallois-Perrett is the most densely populated city in Europe. The city is known for its perfume industry and beekeeping. A cartoon bee has even been adopted at the citys modern emblem. 7. Neapoli, Greece - 67,027 per square mile   The Greek city of Neapoli comes in at number seven on the list of most densely populated cities. The city is divided into eight different districts. While only 30,279 people live in this small city thats impressive given its size is only .45 square miles! 8. Chennai, India - 66,961 per square mile Located on the Bay of Bengal, Chennai is known as the education capital of South India. Its home to almost five million people. Its also considered one of the safest cities in India. Its also home to a large expat community. Its been dubbed one of the must-see cities in the world by the BBC. 9. Vincennes, France - 66,371 per square mile Another suburb of Paris, Vincennes is located just four miles from the city of lights. The city is probably most famous for its castle, Chateau de Vincennes. The castle was originally a hunting lodge for Louis VII but was enlarged in the 14th century. 10. Delhi, India - 66,135 per square mile The city of Delhi is home to roughly 11 million people, putting it just after Mumbai as one of Indias most populated cities. Delhi is an ancient city which has been the capital of various kingdoms and empires. Its home to numerous landmarks. Its also considered the book capital of India due to its high readership rates.

Regretfull stage in life

Regretfull stage in life Three years ago I made a mistake, which brought me a lot of trouble, distrust, and disappointment. It all started when a big famous music artist got a piercing on his lip and after that it became big fashion all around the world, and for me it was something cool but forbidden. In my freshmen year I knew a friend in my grade that had a couple of piercing's, and I once told him that I wanted one in my lip, he said that the person who gave him the piercing was his brother who had a famous tattoo and piercing shop, and if I wanted one he could hook me up and give me one for free. After what he had supposed I started to think, but not thoroughly, and one day I made the decision to get a piercing without permission and hide it from my parents which was not going to work but I did not care.Girl with a Lego earringThe day when I got my piercing, it was a school day; so right after school my friend and I went to his brother's place. When we got there I saw that it was a very clean place, it w as decorated in a very neat and simple way, one of the things that caught my attention a lot, is that there was a lot of diplomas hanging on the walls for piercing and tattoos, I dint know they gave diplomas for that type of things. My friend introduced me to his brother he was a nice guy, and he asked me what size of earring I wanted, I chose one, and he placed it in a antibacterial liquid. While I was waiting, I was sitting in a big dentist stile chair and I stated getting second regret thoughts, but...

Criminal Justice Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Act - Essay Example The 2003 criminal justice act allows the admittance of evidence against a person for a bad character during the criminal process. The new law was enforced in 2004 succeeding the previous common law and many of the statutory regulations that governed the bad character admissibility which was abolished following these changes. The new scheme that replaced them sets out conditions in which such evidence can be put into use in criminal procedures (Denis 2002) The new statute seems to have sent back the position in DPP v P. it would seem that the law disregards the attempt to keep away from inclination evidence following DPP. These changes have been manifested so much in the period after 1999 in cases like R v Humphris (2005), R v Nguyen (2005) and R v Black. Nonetheless, it’s evident that that criminal cat of 2003 discards some of the cases like an instance of the case of New South Wales Makin V Attorney-General-(Roberts & Zuckerman 2004). According to Lord Herschell, the crown was unable to adduce evidence and was inclined to indicate that the accused was guilty of other criminal acts part from those implicated by the indictment for the reasons of drawing conclusions that he is a person likely from the previous criminal record to have committed the felony for which he was to be tried. This outlawed line of thinking prevented the crown from putting up arguments the defendant was guilty based on his general predisposition to commit comparable types of felonies (Denis 2002).

The Concept of Risk in Diffirent Project Management Approaches Essay

The Concept of Risk in Diffirent Project Management Approaches - Essay Example If we talk about the risk management in agile (Scum) software project management, it basically allows us to deal with risks on the daily basis. For instance, till the end of a day we identify and record the project risks. On the other hand, PRINCE2 goes beyond the definition of risk as it divides the risk into two categories on the basis of their positive or negative consequences. These two categories can be threat and opportunity. In this scenario, a threat could be an uncertain activity or action which if it occurs can cause negative effect on the project’s likelihood of achieving its objectives. On the other hand, an opportunity is an event if it takes place can cause a favorable and advantageous effect on the project likelihood of achieving its objectives (Brady, 2009; Rehman et al., 2010; TutorialsPoint, 2012). However, in this paper we will consider the risk as a threat. In addition, risk management is an essential element of both the Agile (scrum) and Prince2 project ma nagement approaches. This paper will discuss the concept of risk from the perspective of Prince2 and Scrum project management approaches. ... According to this attribute, risk may or may not take place; in other words, we are not 100% sure about the occurrence of possible risks. On the other hand, another attribute is acknowledged as â€Å"loss†. According to this attribute, the risk turns into a certainty, unnecessary outcome or losses can take place. Hence, while evaluating project risks, it is necessary to assess the degree of loss and the level of improbability associated with each risk (Pressman, 2001, p.146; Kerzner, 2006, p.743). In addition, risk management is the process of identifying, measuring, and managing what might go in the wrong way into a project before it turns out to be a danger to the successful completion of the project or the implementation of a software application. Moreover, risk management is a very important skill to manage a project successfully (Turban et al., 2005, p.712; Whitten et al., 2000, p.83). According to (Murthi, 2002), large software systems cannot be developed without facing a wide variety of risks. In this scenario, a report published by â€Å"The Standish Group† with the name of "CHAOS: A Recipe for Success," shows that only less than 30% of all software development projects are within budget and on time as well as fulfil all their indented requirements. On the other hand, more than 70% either fail or do not fulfil software development goals. Additionally, these facts are frightening in a cost-cutting measure where software systems play a significant role in fact they can make or break the organization (Murthi, 2002). In this paper, we will use the approach of identifying, measuring, and managing what might go in the wrong way into a project before it becomes problem for the successful completion of a project. Concept of Risk in Prince2 Project Management

Strategic Framework for Reform of the Health Service

Strategic Framework for Reform of the Health Service Introduction: In 2012 the Department of Health (2012) (DoH) launched its Strategic Framework for Reform of the Health Service. The rationale behind the release of this Framework, through the Health Service Executive (HSE) was the continued improvement of societal health and wellbeing within the State of Ireland. Four key areas were identified for reform: Health and Well Being; keeping people healthy, Service Reforms; providing healthcare that people need, Structural Reforms; delivering high quality services and Financial Reform; getting the best value for health system resources. To achieve these reforms there must be a symbiotic relationship in situ between all four key areas, providing the best provision of care and best practice to all stakeholders involved, through the continued and correlated use of Management, Leadership, Quality Management and Information Management. Examining some of the principles of Information and Quality Management this student will endeavour to critically discuss some key areas. Information Management: With the advancement in technology, reliance on and use of computer based Information Management has increased dramatically. Insuring the design, implementation and continued development of Information Management there are a number of key principles to successful Information Management including effective Management of Information and Data Knowledge. Management of Information: Effective Management of Information is a multifaceted combination of People, Process, Technology and Content and it is how these are managed that allow us to provide a high quality of care to all. It is how this information is managed that allows recognises the value of information, whilst being readily available, protected shared and is always evidence based. A good process of Management Information allows all healthcare professionals collect data and to communicate this information through various avenues to other health care professionals, not only allowing for a greater flow of information, but also an ease of access to the relevant concise information. Patient records can now be accessed and shared with far greater ease than they have historically (Wallis 2011) remotely by authorised professionals, access to imaging data and laboratory results is almost instantaneous allowing for Healthcare professionals to make informed decisions. Data can be collected and correlated to local and national policy makers regarding the provision of health care, including Care Planning, Prioritising Workloads and Resource planning (Murnane 2005) Effectual Information Management can help maintain and protect documented information. Two separated inquires exposed the purposeful practice of interfering with documented records, Leas Cross (O’Neill 2006)and the Neary Report (Harding Clark 2006), indeed Sexton et al. hypothesised that written nursing handovers could be simplified, leading to increased efficacy in time management ergo allowing more time for patient interactions through the centralised use of patient information and reducing potential for errors. Spooner et al. (2013) Data Knowledge: One of the challenges of having a good information Management system in situ is to ensure that the data correlation is relevant, true and fit for purpose. Data collection as outlined by the Health Information Quality Authority (HIQA) (HIQA 2012) should be, where possible collected once and then used continually, thus preventing the patient asked on numerous occasions for the same information, this is more applicable to long term service users of health care. Due to the enormity of data available it must be validated, reliable, accurate and complete where possible, however, records must be updated following all interactions between patients and caregivers insuring that the most up-to-date information is readily available. Good data may give the care giver/hospital a competitive advantage, allowing all stakeholders to make strategic, informed decisions, increase productivity leading to a possible long term increase cost efficiency, however, it must be noted that this data knowledge should be bidirectional allowing for patients to access the Data Services such as the HSE Dashboard. Data is only as good as what is imputed on to the system, therefore clinical governance needs to be policed to ensure good quality data is entered, there may be initial cost implications during data gathering. Whilst there are multifaceted benefits of implementaning, maintaining and continual development of good information management systems and Data Quality protocols in place it; must be also noted that there are a number of areas of concern, most notably patient confidentiality, insuring the safety of all patient records, implementation and upkeep costs, fail safe back up and intrusion systems and lack of end user involvement in the design process and implementation of the Information Management system (Huryk 2010). One must also examine the legality and accountability of information transcribed onto databases/patient records and examine who is going to manage and take ownership of these E documentations, as this is currently still an area growing concern, taking into account what are the consequences for those who misuse and abuse data collected and stored under The Data Protection Act 2003. (Irish Government 2003) Quality in Health Care: Over the past number of years there have been a growing number of inquiries into the quality of care delivered to the Lourdes Hospital Inquiry (Government of Ireland 2006), Leas Cross (DoH 2009) and the more recent Halappanavar case (HIQA 2013), whereby the provision and delivery of care has been called into account in a legal context. All reports make various recommendations; however, it is how these recommendations and findings are then implemented into an accountable structure regarding the delivery of healthcare. From an Irish context, Evidence based standards in collaboration with users of healthcare are pivotal to the continual improvement of our Health Service (DoHC 2001) Quality Improvement: Critical to the establishing a basis for quality improvement and reform in healthcare is the establishing and contextualising the values, mission and core competencies of the organisation. This should incorporate codes, responsibilities for performance and quality, documentation of key policies and procedures, public information on available services, relevant updated information. Procedures must be systematic, measurable and comply to local, national and in some cases, international law(s) and health policies, more importantly, for the delivery of care one must embrace the Patient/Service User/Client into the melee to create a Person Centred delivery of service orchestrated by Quality Improvements, these may encompass medical errors and empowering the patient but must have their foundations built upon evidence based practice (HSE 2012). In theory, this sounds achievable and one may question why such measures were not in place already, however in practice, there are a number of elements to consider that may impact on quality improvements. A recent report from The Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance (Department of Health, 2011) identified â€Å"cultural issues† as a major obstacle to accepting change, most notably from an organisational and professional stance. Therefore, it is essential that to have effective leadership in place to help with the development and implementation of change, however, as Fealy et al. (2010) summarised that there are a number of barriers to nurses developing as efficient interdisciplinary leaders which need to be addressed. Patient/Service User Focus: There have been a number of initiatives to establish a patient/service user focus within healthcare. From a service user perspective the HSE has established a ‘Patient Form’ allowing service users the prospect of having active participation in the design, implementation and assessment of developing ‘National Clinical Care Programmes’ (HSE 2014) National Standards Agencies such as the Mental Health Commission (MHC) and HIQA have been established to protect the service user and caregiver. The Quality Framework for Mental Health Services in Ireland (MHC 2007) delivers a structure manner for safeguarding continual improvements and monitoring of all mental health services, by setting expectations of all those who come into contact with the Mental Health Services in Ireland, aided by a modality of staff and services being proactive. There is a greater duty with the service user to have increased impetus in their own care through the knowledge of services available, focus groups and readily available Patient Information Leaflets. Conclusion: Oroviogoicoechea et al. (2008) recognise that there is a strong association between the Quality of Care offered to patients and Quality of Information, received, documented and managed, as with all systems, there is scope for improvement, however, following on from lessons learnt we have seen the introduction and implementation of Policy and procedures with the setting up of the Government Standards Body of HIQA as a state body with the power to implement changes and recommendations. Health must stop treating itself as an isolated entity and embrace modern technological developments in information management as they do within other areas in the delivery of care, such as Imaging, Surgical Interventions and so forth, however strong and systematic procedures should be in situ to insure the safe management of Patient information. Correct Clinical Governance will ensure that standards are met and that policy and procedures are stringently adhered to, however this can only be accomplished by nurses’ accepting changes, evaluating evidence based practice and performing to the best of their ability. References: Department of Health and Children (2001) Quality and Fairness, a health system for you, Health Strategy, Stationary Office: Dublin. Department of Health (2009) The Leas Cross Commission The Commission of Investigation (Leas Cross Nursing Home) Final Report June 2009. Stationary Office: Dublin. Department of Health (2011) Report of the Implementation Steering Group on the Recommendations of the Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance. DoH, Dublin. Department of Health (2012) Future Health. A Strategic Framework for Reform of the Health Services 2012- 2016. DoH, Dublin. Gerard M Fealy, Martin S McNamara, Mary Casey, Ruth Geraghty, Michelle Butler, Phil Halligan, Margaret Treacy and Maree Johnson (2010) Barriers to clinical leadership development: Findings from a national survey. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 2023–2032 Government of Ireland. 2006. The Lourdes Hospital Inquiry: An inquiry into peripartum hysterectomy at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda. (By Judge Harding Clark). Stationery Office, Dublin http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/lourdes.pdf  (Accessed 07/10/14) Harding Clarke, M. (2006). The Lourdes Hospital Enquiry; An inquiry into peripartum hysterectomy at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Stationary Office. Dublin Health Information and Quality Authority, (2012) Guidance on information governance for health and social care services in Ireland: Health Information and Quality Authority. Dublin Health Information and Quality Authority, (2013) Patient Safety Investigation report into services at University Hospital Galway (UHG) and as reflected in the care provided to Savita Halappanavar. Health Information and Quality Authority. Dublin Health Service Executive (2012). A vision for Psychiatric /Mental Health Nursing. Health Service Executive. Dublin Health Service Executive (2014) http://www.hse.ie/portal/eng/about/Who/qualityandpatientsafety/Advocacy/QPS_service_users/Service_User_Involvement_in_Clinical_Care.html  (Accessed 06/10/14) Huryk, L. (2010) Factors influencing nurses’ attitudes towards healthcare information technology. Journal of Nursing Management. 18, 5, 606-612. Irish Government (2003) Data Protection (Amendment) Act.. The Stationary Office. Dublin Mental Health Commission (2007) Quality Framework: Mental Health Services in Ireland. Mental Health Commission, Dublin Murnana, R., (2005) Empowering nurses—Improving care Nurses’ response to the new Health Services Reform Programme in Ireland. International Journal of Medical Informatics 74, 861—868 O’Neill, D. (2006) A review of the deaths at Ideas Cross Nursing Home 2002-2005, Dublin: Department of Health and Children. Oroviogoicoechea, C. Elliot, B. Watson, R. (2008) Journal of Clinical Nursing 17, 567–575. Sexton, A.C., Chan C., Elliot M. , Stuart J. , Jaysuriya R. Crookes P. (2004) Nursing handovers: do we really need them? Journal of Nursing Management 12, 37–42 Spooner, A.J., Chaboyer, W., Corley, A., Hammond N., Fraser JF. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2013; 19: 214–220 Wallis, A. (2012) Management, http://rcnpublishing.com/doi/abs/10.7748/nm2012.03.18.10.14.c8957  (Accessed 08/10/14)

Anxiety, stress and burnout in nursing Essay

Anxiety, stress and burnout in nursing is a significant issue, which affects many nurses during their professional career (McVicar, 2003). Graduate nurses transitioning from university education to a hospital setting face additional causes of stress and new challenges at this time and require accommodating measures such as a supportive work environment (Chang & Hancock, 2003). At present the nation is experiencing a severe nursing shortage that is impacting greatly on the work conditions of nurses that remain (Chang & Hancock, 2003). In this critical appraisal stress and burnout will be defined, as will all major terms throughout this paper. The author will discuss the critical nursing shortage and describe the symptoms of stress and burnout. Causes of burnout and stress will be discussed in relation to the graduate and experienced nurse. The author will present and discuss stress and burnout prevention strategies. Throughout this essay empirical evidence will be used to demonstrate validity of concepts. A literature search was conducted using computerized databases that were searched over the time period 2003-2008 and included Academic Search Premier, psycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, EJS E-Journals Database, Professional Development Collection, Medline, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Health Source: Consumer Edition and Cinahl. Key words searched included burnout, nursing, anxiety, stress, shortage, graduate, and strategies. Stress is thought to be connected to an individual’s response to specific demands, if the individual assesses the demand as beyond their resources this generates a stress response (Clancy & McVicar, 2002, as cited in McVicar, 2003). Stress responses include variation in an individual’s biochemical, physiological and behavioural processes (Billter-Koponen & Freden, 2005). According to McVicar (2003) the ability of the individual to handle the stress response is dependent on specific experiences, coping mechanisms and the environment where demands are produced. Stress is usually part of a larger problem and is noted as the first phase of a ‘chronic process’ (Gillespie & Melby, 2003). If severe stress and anxiety persist without interventions being implemented this may lead to burnout, which is typically characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1986 as cited in Chang &  Hancock, 2003). Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., (2006) suggests that stress from work reduces the quality of work environment, job satisfaction, psychological wellbeing and physical health on nurses. Since stress has been identified as prevalent in nursing there have been various research studies discussing the causes and impacts of stress (Billter-Koponen & Freden, 2005). As well as the effects of work place stress on nurses, there is the larger issue of the consequences for the health care system, with many nurses finding the only way to cure burnout is leaving the workforce, this is further impacting the serious shortage of nurses world wide (Chang et al., 2005; Edwards and Burnard, 2003 as cited in Chang, Bidwell & Huntington, 2007). A literature review of stress in nursing by Chang, Hancock & Johnson et., 2005 commented that currently the severe shortage of nurses in Australia is the largest since World War II and reports that by 2010, there will be a shortage of approximately 40, 000 nurses (RMIT University, 2003 as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005). A report by AIHW (2005), found that the nursing work force has persisted to age, with the average age of nurses increasing from 42.2 years old in 2001 to 45.1 years old in 2005 and the amount of working nurses aged over 50 years has increased from 24.4% to 35.8%. The older population of nurses will eventually be leaving the profession in years to come when the shortage of nurses is at its worst, this will further compound the issue (Janiszewski Goodin, 2003). The Australian government has responded to the issue of an aging workforce by encouraging older nurses to continue with further study and actively discouraging them from retiring (Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003). After many years of decline of enrolments to tertiary nursing courses there has been a considerable influx of applicants, this is thought to be created by the governments increasing media campaigns to generate interest in nursing as a career, however, the boost in enrolments does not necessarily solve the nursing shortage as the larger issues of why retention of nurses has not been successful have not been addressed and media campaigns could almost been seen as a ‘band-aid’ covering up the larger problems (Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003). The nursing shortage has seen many ‘unskilled’ workers entering the aged care sector as a ‘substitution’ of registered  nurses; currently the aged care system is overwhelmed with demand and †˜patient complexity’ (Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003). Duffield & O’Brien-Pallas (2002, as cited in Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003) suggest three main reasons for the growing nursing shortage, these include, personal issues that pertain to stress, burnout and an inadequacy of balance in their personal lives. Secondly Duffield & O’Brien-Pallas (2002, as cited in (Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003) cite organizational and management issues, which relate to workplace violence, either verbal or physical between patients or staff, as issues of concern in retention of nurses as well as professional issues with dissatisfaction stemming from the ability of the nurse to provide quality of care in circumstances of high demand (Chang, Hancock & Johnson, 2005; Wickett, McCutcheon & Long, 2003). These unresolved problems contributing to the nursing shortage emphasize the urgency of studying the nursing profession and environment so that the sustainability of the health care system can continue (Chang, Hancock & Johnson, 2005). There are multiple symptoms of anxiety and burnout, as noted, prolonged stress and anxiety can result in burnout. Physical effects of stress include persistently elevated arterial blood pressure, indigestion, constipation or diarrhoea and weight gain or loss (McVicar, 2003). In cases of severe prolonged stress physical effects can progress to clinical hypertension, gastric disorders, nausea, fatigue, headaches and exacerbated symptoms of asthma (McVicar, 2003; Billter-Koponen & Freden, 2005). The possible cause of fatigue in severe stress and anxiety is high levels of cortisol, which is a hormone that can be produced in excess when a person is stressed leading to cortisol affecting sleep patterns and resulting in sleep difficulties (Billter-Koponen & Freden, 2005). According to Hugo (2002, as cited from Billter-Koponen & Freden, 2005) symptoms of stress in European countries are rising, in 2003 over 5,000 nurses in Sweden were sick for over 30 days with approximately 40% of the diagn osis for the long-term absence from work being emotional exhaustion (burnout), the 2003 statistics were reported to have increased by 20% from the previous year. Billter-Koponen & Freden (2005) suggests that the larger proportion of demands for nurses are psychologically related and in turn this creates more psychological  disturbances than physical symptoms. The three core elements of burnout; emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment can produce various psychological effects. Emotional exhaustion may occur when the nurse experiences the inability to function professionally at a psychological level, the symptoms may include depression, sleep disturbances and the inability to control emotions (Maslach et al., 1996 p.4 as cited in Gillespie & Melby, 2003; Patrick & Lavery, 2007). A nurse who develops depersonalization may have feelings of irritability, anger and a general negative attitude towards clients, according to Leiter (1993, as cited in Patrick & Lavery, 2007) depersonalization transpires from a need to create distance from the work that is emotionally draining (Maslach et al 1996 p.4. as cited in Pa trick & Lavery, 2007; Chang & Hancock, 2003). Reduced personal accomplishment can create feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, low self-esteem and the predisposition to view their level of skill and care negatively (Chang & Hancock, 2003; Patrick & Lavery, 2007). These symptoms are especially worrying as they can reduce quality of care and decrease patient satisfaction (Janssen et al ., 1999; Garrett & McDaniel, 2001 as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003). It is generally accepted that nurses who are excessively stressed or experiencing burnout typically have poor job satisfaction, high absenteeism rates and many nurses contemplate leaving the profession altogether (Larson, 1987; Callaghan & Field, 1991 as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003). A qualitative study by Billter-Koponen & Freden (2005) interviewed nurses about their own experiences regarding work place anxiety, stress and burnout, the nurses commented they felt ‘powerless’ to avoid burnout and had inadequate time or energy to take on patient demands. The nursing profession involves demands beyond clinical technical skills, teamwork and constant care of patients; the role of nursing requires a high level of ‘emotional labour’, which can lead to many complex causes of stress and burnout (Phillips, 1996 as cited in McVicar, 2003). Gillespie & Melby (2003) found that the length of shifts and shift patterns, which included night duty contributed to emotional exhaustion, personal relationship problems, difficulty concentrating and fatigue. Similarly, Efinger et al., (1995 as cited in McVicar, 2003) reported shift work as  having a negative influence on social and personal aspects of the nurses’ lives, it was also mentioned that night shift work was particularly draining in terms of physical health and disrupted family life. Furthermore a study by Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., (2006) consisting of 320 randomly selected Australian registered nurses who were listed on the New South Wales registration board database found that workload was the most common source of stress with indications that high workload negatively affected the mental health of nurses. Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., (2006) also comment on the legal requirements of providing a safe work place in which workers are not under excessive stress, which is affecting their mental health. However, a study by Patrick & Lavery ( 2007) based on a random sample of 574 division 1 Victorian Australian Nursing Federation members were surveyed on burnout in nursing stated that hours worked by nurses have a weak correlation with emotional exhaustion. Yet it could be argued that these results are not a true indication of full-time nurses feelings as 65.73% of the participants worked part-time or casual nursing roles with the average amount of hours that nurses worked in this study being 32.17 hours, which amounts to a ‘lower average’ than full time work (Patrick & Lavery, 2007). A cross-sectional study by Spooner-Lane & Patton (2007) found that nurses who worked full-time experienced higher levels of emotional exhaustion compared to part-time or casually working nurses. Increases in workload exist in other areas such as recent updating of technology, extra responsibilities, paper work and increasing staff shortages (Chang & Hancock, 2003). A study by Gillespie & Melby (2003) that consisted of a triangulated research design, which incorporates both qualitative and quantitative methods as well as using questionnaires, focus groups and interviews found that staff shortages were cited numerous times as a significant cause of anxiety and stress. The nurses specifically identified the use of agency staff as a concern as many nurses expressed the issue of spending valuable time assisting agency staff in locating equipment and explaining the way that particular ward operated (Gillespie & Melby, 2003). A nurse that was interviewed in Billter-Koponen & Freden’s (2005) study reported trying to bridge the gap of time lost from extra demands by coming in early, working through meal breaks, and staying back to work longer. Nurses interviewed in  Gillespie & Melby’s (2003) study also stated that ‘junior nurses’ were forced to take on roles beyond their experience. A focus group by the Australian Governmen t further reports levels of growth in turnover and the increased amount of more acute patients as a source of stress due to staff levels remaining stagnant while demands escalate (Chang & Hancock, 2003). Considering levels of demand are high and staff levels are not increasing as well as substituting agency staff or pressuring junior staff to meet senior roles these pressures would certainly contribute to anxiety, stress and potentially, burnout. Role ambiguity can be described as insufficient information about specific responsibilities and roles that a nurse must undertake (Chang & Hancock, 2003). Role ambiguity can occur in the form of objective ambiguity, which arises from ‘lack’ of information for that particular role, and subjective ambiguity, which is associated with the ‘social’ and ‘psychological’ features of ‘role performance’ (Kahn et al., 1964, as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003). Chang & Hancock (2003) conducted a qualitative study of 110 tertiary nursing graduates from 13 institutions across New South Wales, Australia who work in one of four teaching hospitals about role stress in graduate nurses, the participants were surveyed during 2-3 months of working and then again between 10-11 months. Chang & Hancock (2003) reported the graduates experienced role ambiguity within the first few months of working and this continued throughout the 12 months as well as being a contributor to lower job satisfaction. However, Chang & Hancock’s (2003) study was limited due to the use of self-reporting by the graduates, which is subjective and not objective data. Patrick & Lavery (2007) suggests role ambiguity is an extra stressor as graduates endeavor to fulfill their expected roles whilst experiencing new challenges. Role overload typically occurs whilst graduates are learning time management skills and learning new roles (McVicar, 2003). Chang & Daly (2001, as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003) identify that role overload can intensify the effects of role ambiguity. Chang & Hancock (2003) found that role overload became a larger contributor to stress than role ambiguity in nursing graduates after 10-11 months of working. Gillespie & Melby (2003) notes a significant difficulty for graduate nurses  as they transition into a hospital environment as opposed to learning at university, this ‘gap’ between skills learned in theory within university education and the ability of realistic demands within the hospital environment could present additional stress on the graduate nurse. Madjar et al., (1997 as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003) describes this as the ‘theory-practice gap’, which causes a clash between personal standards and own values (Jasper, 1996; Reutter et al., 1997 as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003). Patrick & Lavery’s (2007) study supports this ‘theory-practice gap’ and goes on to further state that nurses who acquired their nursing degree at a university have higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than hospital-trained nurses. Graduate nurses also report low levels of confidence, lack of support, unrealistic expectations of other clinical staff, unexpected work situations, adjusting to shift work and the increase in responsibility as added sources of stress (Chang & Hancock, 2003; Kelly, 1998 as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005; Patrick & Lavery, 2007). Allenach & Jennings (1990, as cited in Chang & Hancock, 2003) explain that stress from these new challenges includes anxiety. It could be assumed that normal stressors that affect all nurses regardless of age and experience affect graduate nurses as well as other specific experience- related stressors. Patrick & Lavery (2007) found that age and experience was negatively associated with burnout, suggesting that young and inexperienced nurses have a higher rate of burnout compared to older and more experienced workers. This finding is consistent with Spooner-Lane & Patton’s (2007) study of 273 nursing staff, which reported age as a signif icant indicator of burnout. Jackson et al., (2002, as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005) suggest nurses are at risk of workplace violence in the forms of verbal or physical violence from their patients, relatives and staff. Participants from Chang, Daly & Hancock’s et al., (2006) study completed four different questionnaires regarding workplace stressors and findings suggested workplace conflict between nurses and physicians was a significant cause of stress. According to Ball et al., (2002, as cited in McVicar, 2003) conflict between staff has become a more important issue throughout the previous 10  years. Due to the nature of nurses’ work where patients’ emotions are highly sensitive, as they may be scared or have a higher expectation of required care than they are receiving, nurses can be venerable to violence and research by Carter (2000, as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005) comments workplace assault is more common for nurses than any other health professi onals. The consequences of workplace violence are increased levels of anxiety, high levels of sick leave, lower levels of job satisfaction, burnout and lower retention rates (Jackson et al., 2002 as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005; RCN, 2000 as cited in Gelsema & Van Der Doef et al., 2006). The flexibility of working hours and shift patterns was a significant cause of stress for nurses, it would be safe to assume that greater flexibility in working hours could possibly reduce stress, assist nurses in achieving a more balanced life as they contend with family and other personal pressures. Strategies to achieve greater flexibility in working hours will require a concentrated effort by management and staff to achieve ‘equity’ when allocating shifts and empowering nursing staff to have preferences regarding overtime and in particular, night shift (McVicar, 2003). The workload of nursing is consistently reported to lead to an increase in anxiety, stress and burnout, therefore lowering workload would be a reasonable intervention, however workload is a complex issue which includes determinants that can be influenced by the individual or organization in which they work (Gelsema & Van Der Doef et al., 2006). The main issue that needs to be addressed is to ensure staffing levels are sufficient for that particular setting, this would greatly reduce pressures relating to patient care and reduce the incidence of staff working outside of their roles (McVicar, 2003). Other measures such as time management skills and delegation skills may further assist in reducing workload pressures. Hayhurst, Saylor & Stuenkel (2005) recommends further research into workload pressures that are associated with specific specialty areas so that programs can be implemented to target the needs of that specialty. In Chang & Hancock’s (2003) study of role stress and role ambiguity in  Australian nursing graduates it was noted that graduates experienced a high level of role ambiguity in their transition from university to the workplace. A study by Mrayyan & Acorn (2004) assessed nursing students to determine causes of burnout and invited students to suggest solutions to stressors affecting burnout. The nursing students highlighted role ambiguity as a contributor to stress and suggested a comprehensive update of job descriptions that included the scope of practice, skills and experience needed, explanation of knowledge required and a regular assessment if changes of the job expectations change. Greenwood (2000. as cited in Chang, Hancock & Johnson et al., 2005) reported that preceptor programs, orientation programs, ‘open communication’, and staff development considerably aids graduates transition and experience of role ambiguity throughout the year. Violence in the workplace in the form of verbal abuse from other colleagues is a negative experience for nurses and is the cause of significant amounts of anxiety and stress Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., 2006). McVicar (2003) suggests that conflict with staff is the responsibility of management, nurses and all other professionals. Tourangeau & Cranley (2006) advise that relationships with co-workers have a potential influence on the retention of nurses and suggests further strategies, which include praise and recognition of co-workers as well as team building strategies that increase social interaction. A qualitative study by Abuairub (2004) surveyed 303 nurses from various locations throughout the world on the effect of social support from co-workers in which, participants who ‘perceived’ having additional social support from co-workers reported lower levels of stress. Abuairub (2004) comments that extra social support from co-workers may assist in creating a more friendly and pleasurable working environment as well as nurses feeling they could call on co-workers for assistance. Graduate nurses would benefit from social support as they are constantly challenged and require guidance from all staff. Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., (2006) further support the notion of social support by reporting that a positive social climate can decrease levels of stress and ‘prevent’ burnout. The leaders of the work  environment need to foster a more socially supportive culture by demonstrating co-operation, encouraging teamwork, social equality, supportive attitudes and ed ucation about stress education and helpful coping mechanisms (Abuairub, 2004; Hayhurst, Saylor & Stuenkel, 2005). Coping strategies can be defined as psychological and ‘behavioural efforts’ to control demands that are considered as â€Å"exceeding the resources of the person† and are either problem focused which attempts to deal with or alter the problem that is the source of the stress or emotionally focused which attempts to ease ‘emotional distress’ (Lazarus and Folkman 1984, p. 141 as cited in Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., 2006). Chang, Daly & Hancock et al., (2006) comment that many studies suggest problem-focused coping to be more effective in preventing burnout than emotion-focused coping. It would be beneficial to address coping strategies with nursing staff to educate them about different methods and to assist them in recognizing coping methods that are unhelpful so that they may employ personal control to their responses of stress (Chang, Bidwell & Huntington, 2007). These strategies would greatly assist nurses in reducing stress and burnout as well as providing graduate nurses with a firm foundation of clear guidelines and support. In conclusion, the nursing profession is under high demand as our population is growing older and the acuity of patients is increasing. To ensure sustainability of the nursing profession it is essential that graduate nurses are supported in their transition from university to a hospital environment so they continue to remain in the profession. To retain more experienced nurses there must be change within nursing environments and organizations to create a more flexible and supportive workplace. The main causes of anxiety, stress and burnout have been well documented, and it is the implementation of strategies that is lacking. Further investigation into the effectiveness of prevention strategies for burnout should be explored, as better working environments will encourage more people and ex-nurses into the profession and therefore lessening the staff shortages that directly contribute to anxiety, stress and burnout.

Censorship in Television and Movies: How It Has Changed Throughout the Years

1 1 Censorship in Television, Media, and Film throughout the Years: How Has it Changed? By Heather Soileau and Alexys Peron Abstract This project is about Censorship in television and movies: How it has changed throughout the years.This project will describe the past television shows and major movie productions’ use of nudity, profanity, and violence and what they did to protect censorship in our homes. This project will show that in our new day and age censorship is being pushed to the limit, the children of our nation will hear and see violence, profanity, and nudity through their lifetimes. Information for this project was secured from various sources such as, books, internet websites, and government documents. Also, included with the project will be interview from various adults, seniors, and children so that they can explain their view on censorship.This project intends to demonstrate that even though you trust you children to watch appropriate show we can’t help w hat comes on every channel. 4 4 The main purpose of this report is to learn and educate people of censorship over the years. Censorship is â€Å"the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body†. Many factors have influenced me and my partner to do our project on how censorship in American television, media, and films has changed over the years.Most of these influences come from lessons in our English I class about The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and many other classic novels that have been changed and modified over the years. However, we found more of an interest in censorship on television, being that there is much more profanity on television than books. In this research, a few questions that were very important for us were, â€Å"Has censorship gotten stricter over the years, or less of a worry† and â€Å"How h ave people reacted to censorship over the years†.We found that in the past, women and society were very modest and it was very negative to speak harshly on television. Over the years, very foul words and actions have progressed to become tossed around and taken more lightly in America, such as in the popular antique television show â€Å"I Love Lucy†, the main character Lucy found out that she was expecting a baby with her husband. The television producers would not allow her to use the word â€Å"pregnant† on the screen. One of the main influences of foul language television is the channel MTV.MTV was largely debated over because of its inappropriate music videos and shows, which were accused of Satanism by many. The article on Wikipedia also states that MTV was criticized for being too â€Å"politically correct†. Many shows and movies these days are poorly censored, mostly sitcoms. The way most people with children react to poorly censored movies and sho ws in negative, because they don’t want their children being exposed to that. On the other hand, majority of young adults that don’t have any children find these shows and movies amusing.The show â€Å"Jersey Shore† which aired on MTV for 6 consecutive prosperous seasons, however, the show was protested against for a while because the town of Stanton Island, NJ thought that the show used stereotypical Italian people and that it poorly viewed Stanton Island. However, the viewer reacts to censorship depends on their age and personality. 5 5 6 6 Conclusion My partner and I have come to the conclusion that censorship has greatly changed over the years. Some features, such as more freedom, are better, but others, such as profanity, violence, and nudity, are causing society to change, and not for the better. 7 Bibliography Robicheaux, Ken. â€Å"Movie Censorship. † Movie Censorship. Key Light Enterprises, LLC, 2007. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. . Chicago Historical Socie ty. â€Å"Film Censorship. † Film Censorship. Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2005. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. . Corliss, Richard. â€Å"Censuring the Movie Censors. † Time. com. Time Entertainment Time Inc. , 02 Sept. 2006. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. . Anonymous Wikipedia Editors. â€Å"Censorship. † En. wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 18 Jan. 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. . Anonymous Wikipedia Editors. â€Å"MTV. † En. wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. . Anonymous Wikipedia Editors. â€Å"Censorship on MTV. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. .

Parents Child Observation Essay - 1889 Words

Parent Child Observation The setting is a home environment of a friend; the environment is clean, warm and sunny. It is not set up for children however, there are no toys, the child does not have other children to play with, and there are about eight other adults present for a get together. The situation seems like it could be possibly boring to a four year old child as there are not any toys, he can not run around in the house, and is expected to sit still for a while. In terms of safety everything is fine. Since some of the adults are using equipment to detoxify, the child did have the supervision of his Mom while using the same equipment. In terms of intellectual stimulation realizing that the child might become bored the Mom†¦show more content†¦He did seem hurt at the way his mother was reacting. You could see the hurt on his face, and he kept seeking his mothers approval, and attention. When he did not get what he wanted the behavior escalated. (Heath, p. 291) The other friend Barbs got a very strict tone and raised her hand and told the child That is not the way you speak to your mother. You better go talk to her the right way. The child cried for a very long time. He then sought his mothers attention by attaching himself in an embrace wherever she went. At first she was receptive and consoled him, and then later on she became quite annoyed. He desired to be with her wherever she went. There were several theories I saw throughout this parent child interaction. I clearly saw attachment theory or attachment in the interaction. First, he kept asking for attention, and then proceeded to misbehave. Finally he became disrespectful towards his Mom. Finally, when he was scolded by Barbs he became very tearful and could not calm himself. The child needed mothers attention, and physical touch to calm down. The mother was very warm towards her son at first. It was obvious the mother and child were attached. 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