The Definition of Performance Management

A local council has just received approval for  £15 million from the National Lottery to build a new Arts, Media and Cultural Centre but it needs to find the matching capital Money for the project. It has also to find the annual running costs of  £1 million for the new facility at the same sound as it needs to reduce its total Leisure and Arts budget by  £5 million. How can performance management and review processes assist with this complex decision and ensure that effective delivery of the project if agreed? The local council has three main problems to resolve from this scenario. These are: 1. Matching the capital money and running costs of the proposed project. 2. Significantly reducing the leisure and arts budget, the sector in which the proposed project is in. 3. Keeping all major interest groups internally and externally from the project, relatively content. However, the problems involving the interest groups are virtually impossible to resolve. This is due to people's contradicting needs; this creates the task of catering for each individual group†s needs, which is unobtainable. Therefore, the council must take an interest in the most significant party, the public; this includes the implications of the other major problems. Performance management and review can be an aid to this project, by analysing the various options and solutions and deciding on the best course of action. Each of the three main problems may be divided into a list containing various sub problems, which create the overall problems. Each of these problems must be solved by prioritising in order of importance, in order to produce the most effective solution to the project. Performance management has been defined as â€Å"a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organisations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors: (Armstrong and Baron 1998). Another definition however is that performance management is the systematic design, collection, analysis and review of information. In order to manage there is a need to establish and quantify what may be managed and how. For the ability to use performance management within the project, it needs to be segmented into various sections that can possibly be measured over the duration of the project. The project has multiple objectives that need defining. These objectives are usually defined and the outcomes normally judged using the five E†s: Economy: The effective acquisition of inputs, largely a value for money concept. Efficiency: The ratio of inputs to outputs. The efficiency level will be increased if the output is consistent while input levels fall, or output is raised while input while input remains consistent. Effectiveness: The extent of goal acheivement Equity: Observance of criteria of fairnesss. This is probably the most significant condition for good performance. Electability: Political affirmation of good performance that will prove essential for survival. These five factors aid in providing parameters for judging performance. To enable measurements of the performance, the project needs to be subdivided into various sections known as milestones. To achieve the various milestones, the manager will need to create an action plan. This is a breakdown of what, where and when various activities are going to occur. There are many problems associated with public sector performance management. Some of these problems are as follows: There are not enough targets to attain. There tends to be too many indicators. There is a lethargic reporting style, however the reporting systems tend to be loose. In the case of this project for the local council there needs to be a hierarchy of objectives, these must range from corporate to individual objectives. The corporate objectives for the local council may be as follows: 1. To design, build and tender for the centre within the budget allocated and within any time frame allocated by the capital provider. 2. To allocate appropriate funds from the local authority budget to enable the project for the centre to proceed. 3. To increase, restructure or divert the revenue budgets of the local authority to accommodate the running of the centre. The examples of the objectives above are broad in context. This is deliberately to enable any changes through revenue and allocations of funds to the centre to be accommodated for within the objectives. There may be political issues involved within the development of obtaining these major corporate objectives. These may include the raising of tax, the proposed centre having to match the running costs or possibly the allocation of funds from other local authority departments. These objectives are not as narrowly defined as those from the private sector or if it were a PFI (Private Finance Initiative) project, this is due to the need to insure that all stakeholders may be taken into consideration. Although these objectives are corporate, they usually are allocated to an individual to oversee. This method within the public sector could cause problems within the board; these problems are due to the possibility of one-upmanship. Within the local authority, there are other objectives which must be satisfied, these link and are interdependent with the corporate objectives. An example may be that the Arts and Leisure Director needs to set out his objectives for achieving the design and building requirements. Example – Objective Carry out the Tender procedure within 6 months: – Activity or milestone Action Deadline A. Appoint Consultant By End of Month 1 B. Approve Budget By Start of Month 2 C. Finalise Design By End of Month 2 D. Send spending specification By Start of Month 3 E. Evaluate Tenders By End of Month 4 F. Appoint Contract By End of Month 5 G. Complete Contract By End of Month 6 The Milestones are time related, they can be measured and if slippage occurs, action can be taken to bring the plan back on schedule or negotiations can take place to approve an extension. Another example may be that of the Director of Finance or the treasurer's objective, such as the following: 1. Reassign budget areas and make alterations to the allocations Negotiate the Leisure and Arts Budget. 2. Reallocate revenues for the proposed Leisure and Arts centre for the first year of opening. 3. Construct and consider various options for revenue generation to support the running costs of the proposed facility. Each of these objectives would have numerous milestones, which would be addressed in order to achieve the set objective goals. The objectives and milestones flow down the organisation, each linking into the one higher up the pyramid. The objectives set need to be linked to a review process. This is a crucial tool in timing strategic argument into practical actions – a lever to effectively policy implementation.

Do you think IQ will determine your success in life Essay

Have a successful life is everyone’s goal. Most of people think people who have higher IQ would always have a successful life. They believe that people who had talent is always better than people who don’t. However I think IQ would not determine people’s success in life. I would say have a higher IQ just can help people easier to do things but this doesn’t mean that people can do everything without they try hard and work hard. There are so many people that have higher IQ but they don’t even work hard to try their best. They never try to improve themselves, they just keep waste their precious talent. On the other hand there are people who don’t have higher IQ but they always work hard and try to improve themselves. I think people who never work hard will never success even they have a smart brain. I believe that if I want to have a successful life the only one thing I should do is to try my best. No matter I am a smart person or not, if I want to success in my life I better work as much as I can. Because in this world there is no one can get everything without hard working. Life is just like a race, you have to keep running away from destiny and never let destiny catch you. If you win this race, destiny will not affect you anymore and you will be the boss of your life. Nothing can make you fear and nothing can defeat you. Therefore I think life is based on choice. Because when people really want to change something in their life they can always defeat their destiny. I believe that life is led by myself and I am the guy who will decide where to go in my future. Every decision I make would all depend on my willingness and nothing can affect me except myself.

Statistics for Business Decision Making Term Paper

Statistics for Business Decision Making - Term Paper Example Human beings make tangible decisions which dwarf all sources of competition if more and better information from statistical analysis is available. With statistical knowledge, many researchers have found that it is easier to apply them and make decisions that are satisfying and which fit different scenarios and situations. According to Winthrop, statistics are used as a standard unit which uses historical performance to come up with future targets which drive businesses (p.1). To him further, statistical analyses provide deep understanding into how different business departments (sales, human resources, stocks, marketing etc) are performing in relation to the overall goals and objectives of the business. Also, statistical analysis provides trends which form the backbone in planning purposes (p.1).Statistics are also employed in policy formulation by Governments which carry out studies from time to time to have a sound foundation of the policies and decisions made. Further, businesses use statistical data to evaluate the performance of current strategies and to come up with reliable information onto which strategies are working and which just wastes of resources. Again, new business initiatives are evaluated and changed in order to improve business performance backed by survey/feedback data from statistical marketing surveys. In addition, advertising/marketing bodies use statistics to understand different markets and customer behavior in order to formulate advertising/marketing campaigns.

French and Industrial revolutions effect on Europe Essay

French and Industrial revolutions effect on Europe - Essay Example Unlike realism supporters, liberalists viewed morality as a global responsibility rather than acting to secure ones state only. As matter of fact, liberalists argue the world was in war due to states preparation for war. Liberalism can be marked as making a significant impact in the European region in late 19th century and early 20th century. Liberalist advocated for the free trade, minimal tariffs and strong constitutions while undermining the importance of unions. Socialism came to counter the arguments made by liberalists. In an effort to reduce the inequality gap, socialists advocated for revolutionary measures to bring equality between capitalists and labourers. This ideology called for a strong government, restricted international trade and protection to workers. In a nutshell socialism called for redistribution of resources in favour of the workers, who happened to be humiliated by the free- market economy. Some scholars still noted the success of previous political systems and thus came up with conservatism. Conservatisms encouraged the preservation of the successful historical modes of government. To them, change in political administrations ought to be gradual rather than revolutionary. Realism ideology supported authoritative governance. Factually, realism refers to the doctrine of perceiving thoughts as true and real. As mentioned earlier, morality was viewed as the aspect of supporting ones state, and being loyal to the readers. Realism was based on the fact that individuals are generally rude and generally provoke chaos and thus being mandated by the government was the only remedy to

The Post Civil War South Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Post Civil War South - Essay Example African-Americans and poor whites living in the South were denied land and the economic stability that it could provide. After the Civil War, the unfulfilled promises of freedom and independence vaporized into a quasi-slavery system of sharecropping and paupers wages instead of the dream of land ownership and true independence. In the agricultural South, any advancement towards freedom, equality, and civil rights would need to be accompanied by the real opportunity to own land. Land was not simply the security of what it could produce. In the South, land was a symbol of unfulfilled dreams, an expression of cultural independence, and a meaningful representation of real social capital. The plantation system of production that proliferated in the South in the 18th and 19th centuries placed land as a currency. Landowners that were able to produce cotton could have lines of credit and assure themselves a steady income. Without land ownership they were nothing. Almost all social status was obtained and measured from the number of acres anyone owned. The adoption of the factor system by the cotton plantations in the South left little for the planters and less for the workers and slaves. Still, planters would be driven to expand and the "impulse to enlarge his undertakings had become deep rooted and was apparently irresistible. There was a sort of atmospheric psychology in the situation that seemed to make a man forever dissatisfied with stagnated sufficiency" (Stone, 1915, p.562-563). In the South, the question of status was not what you did, but rather how many acres you owned. The Ante-bellum South also produced a paradox of ambivalence towards the ownership of land. While it was clearly understood that land was a significant measure of a man's social and material worth, those that were denied its use also decried land ownership. Religious beliefs in the South were initially evolved from a concept of land as a shared resource. Goldsmith (1988, p.392) states, "land, previously treated as a shared resource and mainly immune from individual ownership, became a commodity, accessible to individual enterprise. Traditional agrarian society had been invaded by the forces of a national capitalist economy". As the evolution of land from a survival source to an economic factor progressed, the social structure deprived certain members from ownership. Faulkner in Go Down, Moses describes the paradox of people seeking land, yet understanding the negative consequences of ownership. He writes, ... the land, the fields, and what they represented in terms of cotton ginned and sold, the men and women whom they fed and clothed and even paid a little cash money at Christmas-time in return for the labor which planted and raised and picked and ginned the cotton, the machinery and mules and gear with which they raised it and their cost and upkeep and replacement --- that whole edifice intricate and complex and founded upon injustice and erected by ruthless rapacity and carried on even yet with at times downright savagery not only to the human beings but the valuable animals too (p.221). Without land and its ability to produce and provide, man was nothing. Yet with it man could also become the antithesis of spirituality that was defined by not only Christianity, but also by the African-American forms of worship. The promise of land after the Civil War was a symbolic ideal that

Explain the relationship between money supply and inflation Essay

Explain the relationship between money supply and inflation - Essay Example money supply and the level of inflation within a specific period of time. Link between money supply and inflation Trying to relate money supply to inflation is not as direct as it sounds as numerous factors also play significant roles in predicting or measuring inflation (Mankiw 2008). However, the link between money supply and inflation is easily explained as a near natural occurrence since when money is in high supply within an economy the demand for it reduces. In this scenario the market is able to afford higher prices for commodities because money supply has increased. At the same time the consumers are not able to revert back to the old prices as long as the buying power of their currency is still under value erosion. Economic theories Economic theories also affect how this relationship is explained. The monetarism theory for example, expresses the relationship in the form of MV = PT which translates to; M = Money Supply V = Money Velocity P = Price Level T = Transactions In th is scenario transactions are constant just as velocity is while supply and prices are directly related (Browne and Cronin 2010). The fundamental argument set forth by monetarism theory is that rising money supply leads to inflation in the situation that the rise in the former exceeds growth of the National Income. It is still under this that T = Transactions is replaced with Y = National Income in many occasions as near-accurate measurements of the former always prove to be difficult. The new equation derived therefore reads; MV = PY. According to Bernanke and Woodford (2006), one notable proponent of monetarism, Friedman stated that ‘†¦ inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon’. Further arguments state that inflation is generally as a result of uncalled-for swells in a nation’s money supply. In respect to velocity, monetarists claim that it is fixed and if it varies the variants are insignificant. The same case applies to the output which is represented by Y and both V and Y are fixed in the short term. An example lies below; When MS = $2,500 and V = 4 ----- Y = 10,000 units Eqn. 2,500*4 = 10,000 With doubling of MS comes doubling of price level as elaborated below; 5,000*4 = 20,000 In the above scenarios Friedman stated that increase in MS takes between 9 to 12 months to result to increased output (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and MacPherson 2008). He further stated that it is after another year that output will be at equilibrium with increase in prices to put up with already high money supply. AD & AS model (Hornle 2008) When considering aggregate demand and supply model it is clear to see that when there is increase in money supply there will be increased spending. This will essentially result to a shift of the Aggregate Demand to the right (Hornle 2008). In this scenario producers then engage more of their resources in order to meet the rising demand. The resultant effect is an increased national output that is beyond t he equilibrium level causing an inflationary gap in the economy. With increased production producers enrol more employees therefore increasing their expenditure. In this scenario workers are willing to work for longer periods as there is a corresponding rise in their nominal wage. With continued increase in prices money loses value and a movement is witnessed along the newly formed Aggregate Demand (Woodford 2008). It is at this

Contracting and Payment Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contracting and Payment Options - Essay Example According to â€Å"Subpart 32.9-Prompt Payment† of the Federal Constitution, the act stipulates the ideal elements to justify effectiveness in contracts under the prompt payment approach. The first crucial element is that government agencies should effect payments on a timely basis for all products delivered by contractors. For instance, the IRS just like other federal agencies and departments is accorded the mandate to issue payments promptly after receiving services or goods from its contractors. Products such as the software for processing tax returns are critical for the IRS operations; hence, the need for prompt payments. Subsequently, the act stipulates the need for the contractor and the government agency to understand the withstanding penalties at the event of lateness in the delivery of services or payment for the completed tasks. For example, if the delivery of the software for processing taxes is delayed, then the IRS should impose the ideal penalty. The IRS would b ear the penalty to the extent that it fails to make payments after the software is delivered on time. Lastly, the act allows federal agencies to accommodate any substantial and economically justifiable discounts from the contractors. In elaborating the case, a government agency such as the IRS will be acting legally if it opts to accept a certain percentage discount on the cost stipulated by the contractor for the tax processing software. The Congress should amend the Prompt Payment Act over time in order to ensure effectiveness in this payment option.

Applying BEQUEST for Sustainable Urban Development Essay

Applying BEQUEST for Sustainable Urban Development - Essay Example Applying BEQUEST for Sustainable Urban Development This review includes an examination and review of the relationship between BEQUEST framework and protocol; the protocol of sustainable urban property development; assessment methods available to evaluate what the protocol contributes towards the sustainability of urban development; and where the protocol has been applied and the SUD gains this has generated. Environmental problems ranging from excessive consumption of natural resources and pollution of the environment have been attributed to construction and building activities. Research is underway for green building design, and use of materials for minimising the environmental impact. Sustainability assessments have gained importance, and environmentally friendly design at project appraisal stage has been considered the ideal stage for the incorporation of environmental matters (Ding, 2008). Sustainable urban development (SUD) initiatives include Smart Growth and Building Environmental Quality Evaluation for Sustainability through Time (BEQUEST). BEQUEST bridges all scales of action including planning to component manufacture allowing all actors view the scope of urban development problem. BEQUEST is a Pan-European research initiative funded by the European Commission. The Extranet is an advisory body with over 100 European professionals and researchers. According to Kohler (2002), results of BEQUEST project on sustainable urban development have been viewed as conceptual contributions, and as a dynamic network. The usual scope of sustainable urban development has been expanded to include time and space continuity, which is significant.

The Competitive Advantage of Selling Luxury Goods Online Essay

The Competitive Advantage of Selling Luxury Goods Online - Essay Example With changing trends, more and more people also need to own these effects especially the younger and energetic members of society who spend significant proportions of their gratis time on the Internet. The web is the best strategy that can be used to promote a product to the world irrespective of their locality, but then this also has limitations. Offline selling could be an improvement when one localized business at a place of position immense importance; thus, one would argue that no Internet sales are required (Arikan 100). Â  Luxury goods have for a long time often been the preserve of the rich or wealthy citizenry within society (Keefer 209). Luxury goods often include flashy possessions such as sports utility cars, stylish designer clothes, perfumes, real estate homes, silverware and real treasures. This research is pegged on the need to determine whether it is advisable to either sell luxury goods online or offline or have a balance in the market prices so as to stem down the abuse of overpricing these goods to suit the preserve of society. Selling these goods has often been done via the traditional means of exchange involving seller and buyer interactions in physical contact (offline) with eventual purchase of the item. However, with the inception of the digital world, these transactions are now being done online (Keefer 102). Most of the luxury goods that are not bulky could well be sold online and shipped anywhere in the world at affordable prices, but when bulky and expensive materials such as new models of cars are involved; the dynamics drastically change and require proper analysis of the sales process. Â  

Pest Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pest Analysis Essay 3.  (a) Training program Companies who work hard to meet the needs of their employees can cultivate a work atmosphere conducive to productivity. Being able to plan for the needs of employees by thinking ahead can help to improve the rate of skilled employees who chose to remain working for a company. Improving the employee retention rate can reduce the money companies spend on finding and training new employees. It is important to consider employees may want or need and what the company can reasonably supply. Providing specialized on-site training, even if provided by senior members of the company, and offering one-on-one assessment and coaching sessions, can help employees reach peak performance rates. After being hired on, a strong training and mentoring program can help a new member of the staff get up to speed on company policies and any current or ongoing projects they will be working on. To help employees perform at their best, a company can follow up with continual training programs, coaching, and regular assessment. Investing in the development of its employees can allow a company to turn out more consistent products. Incentive system An incentive program represents a substantial investment to most organizations. Engaging all employees to participate in the program will help them receive a sufficient return on their investment. Based on the concept of quality performance, incentive programs will increase an employees perception of themselves in achieving their program goals. In order to properly motivate, programs must be designed to offer a variety of products and services to employees based on their interests and needs. The programs need to have carefully determined their rewards methodology in order to maintain an employees motivation. In addition, successful campaigns require clearly defined rules, aligned rewards, efficient communication strategies and measurable success metrics. By combining each of these elements into the program, companies are better able to engage program participants and enhance the overall program effectiveness. In order to create an effective incentive program, an organization must keep the overall objective in mind when considering program design and implementation. Objectives should be clearly defined based on the companys goals and need to be specific so employees understand their expectations. Objectives can vary depending on the needs of each organization and they should be challenging, yet achievable. If objectives are viewed as unattainable, the program will not be successful. Once the program goals have been defined, all aspects of the program should be measured against this goal in order to ensure the programs success. 3.(b) communication network Communication is the exchange of useful information between and among people and organizations to support decisions and coordinate activities. Within an organization, information should be communicated to management and other employees who need it in a form and within a time frame that helps them to carry out their responsibilities. Communication also takes place with outside parties such as customers, suppliers and regulators. Management should ensure that there are open lines of communication for both staff and management to use. Open communication fosters reporting of both positive and negative results to the appropriate level of management without the fear of reprisal. Management should ensure that it takes the proper actions to address these results. For example, management may decide to: establish new goals and objectives to take advantage of newly identified opportunities; counsel and retrain staff to correct procedural errors; or adjust control act ivities to minimize a change in risk. Hierarchy of objective Objectives are the organizations desired outcomes. They are a product of the planning process and are necessary for coordinating efforts within an organization. Without clearly defined objectives, employees could be working in conflicting directions. Objectives can be organizational or operational. Management derives organizational objectives from the mission and often develops them during the strategic planning process. They are long-range, broad statements, which define the desired outcomes of the organization as a whole. Good organizational objectives can serve as starting points for more specific and detailed objectives within the subunits (i.e., divisions, departments, bureaus and assessable units) of the organization. They also serve as standards for evaluating overall organizational performance. Management derives operational objectives from the broad organizational objectives. Operational objectives are shorter-range, more specific and define the desired outcomes of each of the organizations subunits. They should be structured in a hierarchy so that each subunits accomplishment of its operational objectives helps the next higher level achieve its operational objectives, all of which helps management meet its organizational objectives. All objectives should be in writing. Management should provide employees with written organizational and operational objectives along with the mission statement. Management should ensure that employees understand the objectives and how their work helps to achieve them. Finally, just as changes in the environment can affect the adequacy and relevancy of the mission statement, these same factors also affect an organizations objectives. For an organization to function effectively and grow, it should periodically reassess its organizational and operational objectives. Company’s name: De vest Fashion Berhad Industry: Fashion Industry 3.1 Political Factors To improve consumers spending in the clothing industry, the Malaysian government has implemented the Mega Carnival Sale which is to be held 3 times a year. Its main purpose is to promote Malaysia as a value for money shopping destination. This aggressive approach calls on to the tourist to shop at the local malls, which in turn would increase foreign tourist spending and thus increase the countrys foreign exchange earnings. Furthermore, this approach would encourage the Malaysians to shop locally, which would benefit Elba Holdings Bhd in terms of their sales. Malaysia is a member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which aims to reduce trade barriers between the member countries Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. This has created an opportunity for the domestic companies, like Elba Holdings Bhd to venture into the overseas market, such as Vietnam, where by the retail market there is lucrative for foreign investors. However, with AFTA, foreign investors would be interested in the Malaysian market, and with new foreign entrants, competition becomes fierce for Elba Holdings Bhd. In addition to this, the Malaysian government attempted to stabilize the retail industry after its slump in the 97 crisis by reducing inflationary pressures in the form of tariffs reductions, so that foreign investors would invest in the domestic market. The result of this would transform the retail industry into a competitive market, making it difficult for Elba Holdings Bhd to be a dominant player in the clothing sector as well as a market leader. Under the Eighth Malaysian Plan covering 2001-2005, the retail industry is expected to play a more pressures prominent role in the growth of the economy, due to a sustained economic growth and expansion of the tourism industry. A fair trade policy and law will be formulated to prevent collusion, cartel price fixing, market allocation and the abuse of market power. New distribution modes will be developed such as franchises, direct sales, factory outlets, and e-commerce, to provide the consumers with a variety of choice. 3.2 Economic Factors Malaysias economic growth is to be maintained at 4.5% in 2003 and expand further to 5.5% or 6.0% in 2004, taking into account the external demand conditions and the economic impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the first half of 2003. The economic growth is expected to be due to the domestic market with growth in the private sector. The private sector makes up the bulk of the Malaysian economy, with private consumption accounting for nearly 44% of GDP. Despite the recovery in the household consumption over the last few years, inflation has remained unchanged. The overall inflation rate is expected to be at 1.5% in 2003 mainly due to mild deflationary from major global economies. Looking at the earlier years, total retail sales in Malaysia amounted to RM46.9 billion in 2001, with a 3.7% increase over2000. Having experienced healthy growth per annum from 1990, the Asian crisis caused total retail sales to plummet by21.2% in 1998. Reduced consumption and increased savings were some of the major causes of the significant decline. Apart from challenging economic conditions, 2001 also had unexceptional events that threatened to have a major impact on retail businesses. The recovery of the retail industry in Malaysia has been gradual, having yet to return to a pre-crisis level. The first quarter of 2001 had a slowdown of the retail industry as a result of the economic crisis in the United States. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States had further dampen the potential of economic recovery in the country. Nevertheless, the industry managed to have an overall growth rate of 3.7% in 2001. Retail industry growth rate was above GDP growth rate for the entire year. The fall in consumer confidence resulted in reduced consumption and increased savings. The government subsequently launched a national campaign on wise spending, with the aim to educate consumers on the importance of domestic demand on the GDP growth and economic recovery as a whole. The Love Malaysia, Buy Malaysia campaign was also launched to get Malaysians to buy local products and take local holidays. This effort proved successful. The implications of these economic events had affected the growth of Elba Holdings Bhd, due to a fall in the tourism industry as well as the reduction in consumers spending. The company was adversely affected in terms of its financial position, and it was impossible to have a complete recovery due to unfavourable economic events reoccurring, for instance SARS. 3.3.Social Factors Malaysian is classified as an upper middle-income country, and considered as one of the most developed of developing countries. Middle income households defined as those earning between RM1, 500 and RM3, 500 per month, and has increased from 32.3% of total household population in 1995 to 37% in 1999. The low-income group, categorized by household income of up to RM1, 500 per month, spend a proportion of this amount on food. Meanwhile, the high and middle income households spend most of their money at hypermarkets. A small percentage of about 3.4% of their income is spent on clothing and foot wear. There has been a decrease in consumers spending since 2000, because consumers have begun to realise the values of money especially since the 97crisis took place. It is now slowly picking up in 2003.Malaysias consumers lifestyle has been changing to rising affluence and education levels. High profile retailers as well we global mass media have shaped consumers buying behaviour, resulting in the Malaysians being more westernised. The Malaysians life leisure life revolves around trendy shopping malls, such as one utama, mega mall, and klcc. Thus Elba Holdings Bhd has to me more update and kept abreast with the latest trends. They have to advertise and keep the consumers informed and reminded that they still exist and produce clothing with style and quality. 3.4 Technological Factor With the Internet and e-commerce, retailers can now sell their products on line and deliver it to customers on their door-step. It can make customers life a lot easier as they need to have to go to the city to make a purchase. Furthermore, retailers can also sell their products to the overseas market without the need to physically enter the foreign country. Microsoft (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd and Tradenex.com Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers(FMM), signed a memorandum of understanding to develop and operate a supply-chain hub for the retail sector, known as the Malaysian Retail Exchange. The Malaysian Retail Exchange is part of FMMs broad e-commerce initiative to assist manufacturers transact electronically with their trading partners as a community. The Exchange will provide the infrastructure and technology to connect manufacturers, distributors and retailers to adopt electronic trading in order to improve speed of communication, reduce transaction costs, better synchronization of supply with consumer demand and significantly improve inventory management. FMMs initiative is in line with the governments call to Malaysian businesses to be empowered with the tools of emerging technologies to improve operational efficiency and hence, competitiveness in amore open economy. The result of this would bring closer ties to the entire retailer in the retail industry, however in the case of Elba Holdings Bhd, the company stills practice the orthodox methods of getting to the consumers, and this has caused them to be laid back with other competitors such as Padini Holdings Bhd.

Relation between change management and emotional intelligence

Relation between change management and emotional intelligence Introduction Every business need to go through changes in the comparative business environment , this may happen different ways in different organisations, some of organisations may imposing the changes on workforces, such as redundant, salary review. Others may focus on re-engineer or re-structure business model. However, change management is the basic skills for managers and leader to adopt; it is essential approach to organisation to implement. ( ) define change management as The systematic approach and application of knowledge, tools and resources to deal with change. Change management means defining and adopting corporate strategies, structures, procedures and technologies to deal with changes in external conditions and the business environment. There are different change management models been published, such as Kanters 10 commandments, Pettigrew 5 factors, Kotters 8 failure and success factors . Similarly, at the beginning stage of change models, it is essential to create vision to change then motivate employees to accept, act and attain the change. It is not easy as says. People have good reason to resistant the changes, because the nature of change , include the risk and uncertainty, which most of people do not like that, also different people have the different preferences, some people like to stay where they are, these people can be named as stability oriented. Some people may resistance to change for emotional reasons, for instance, someone doesnt like to change job, because he/ she doesnt want someone else to tell them what to do. SARA Model Therefore, when the change is undergoing, people tend to go through a series of stages, people call it as SARA Model: S- hcok A- nger R- ejection A- cceptance Shock: It is nature for people to face the shock, when it comes across the changes, confusion or disorientation is symptom in this stage. Anger: it expresses in different ways, employee may anger with oneself or others, in particular, people close to them, they need to show the feeling when the change happen. Rejection: in some case, at first, people would like to reject the change rather to accept it instantly. In this stage, the rejection not only appear on the action, also include the denial of emotional impact. Acceptance: in the stage, people able to accept the change and adopt it. It also involved the negative acceptance, such as resign for work. The key principle advocated by the change management theory is communication; it is significant to keep employees informed completely before the change happens, the managers should prepare themselves to deal with employees reaction in the change process. It is not simply get people together and give orders, the manager need to monitor employees emotion in different stages of SARA model. Emotion and Emotional Intelligence Emotion is the power to drive the employees actions in the organisation; it is also the primary driving force behind motivation. Managers need to be aware of employees emotion movement, be able to understand it, then control the emotion in certain level to maintain the relationship, teamwork and work efficiency. The development of the reading and express emotions along with management skills will improve motivation for employee and increase the productivity for organisation. In 1980s psychologists, evolutionary biologists, psychiatrists, scientists had identified a series of human capacities related to emotions. By 1983, a psychologist, Howard Gardner from Harvard university, who identified the multiple intelligence, as ( ) claimed it has seven kind of intelligence, include two personal varieties: knowing ones inner world and social adeptness. The term emotional Intelligence was introduced by two psychologists, John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1990, they define the Emotional Intelligence as the set of abilities that account for how peoples emotional perception and understanding vary in their accuracy. More formally, emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self and others. ( ) In contrast, in 1995, Daniel Goleman published a book called emotional intelligence: why it can matter than IQ, which became the best-seller internationally, ( ) claimed the emotional intelligence as the abilities called here emotional intelligence, which include self control, zeal and persistence, and the ability to motivate oneself. Theories of Emotional Intelligence Mayer-Salovey ability model In 1997 , John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey proposed the Mayer-Salovey ability model, it include four level. Show as below: Perception and Expression of Emotion Assimilating Emotion in Thought Understanding and Analysing Emotion Reflective Regulation of Emotion Perception and Expression of Emotion: the most basic level of emotional intelligence, it involve the perception and appraisal of emotion. For example, in the organisation, managers should able to identifying oneself and employees emotion and interpret it, in order to maintain the synergy within the organisation. Assimilating Emotion in Thought: the second level of emotional intelligence, it is the capacity of emotions to enter into cognitive thinking, use the emotion to communicate feelings. According to ( ) said the emotions prioritize thinking, for example, sometimes, people tend to respond to things emotionally, not rationally. It is something manager should pay attention. Understanding and Anglicising emotion: the third level of emotional intelligence, understand and reasoning about the emotion, for instance, happy, anger, sad, fear. It is important for managers to recognise the emotions, aware how employee unfold them and reason about them. Reflective Regulation of Emotion: it is the highest level of emotional intelligence, it involve the management and regulation of emotion in oneself and others. Mangers should utilise these skills into workplace, manage the employees emotion and motivate them to work effectively. The Bar-On Theory Unlike Mayer-Salovey ability model seen the EQ as abilities in different level, the Psychologist Reuven Bar-On ( ) viewed the emotional intelligence as array of nonncognative capabilities, competencies, and skills that influence ones ability to succeed in coping with environment demands and pressures. Bar-On identified five functional areas which are essential to emotional intelligence, show as following: ( ) Intrapersonal Skills Interpersonal skills Adaptability Scales Stress- Management Scales General Mood Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Theory Intrapersonal skills include emotional self-awareness, assertiveness, self-regards, self-actualization and independence. Interpersonal skills, there are interpersonal relationships, social responsibility and empathy. Adaptability scales cover problem solving, reality testing and flexibility. Stress-management scales involve stress tolerance and impulse control. General mood, happiness and optimism are two keys. Bar-On ( ) believes that if people go through appropriate training, emotional intelligence ability can be improved, furthermore, he believes that EQ along with IQ, construct the general intelligence of human beings. Bar-On developed the first measure of emotional intelligence, called Emotional Quotient Inventory. Individual with high EQ are more likely to meet the environment demands, which Bar-On (1997) explains Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi) related to the potential to succeed rather than success itself. Daniel Goleman emotional intelligence model Daniel Goleman is a psychologist and journalist, he had published a book called Working with Emotional Intelligence, and the book became the best seller on both Atlantic. In the book, he created popular emotional intelligence model as below: Knowing Ones Emotions Management Emotions Motivating Oneself Recognizing Emotions in Others Handling Relationship Knowing Ones Emotions: it involving self- awareness, which means recognising emotion. It is the key for managers to aware employees emotions; it is also cover the ability to monitor the movement of emotion. Managing Emotions: It is the ability to handling emotions in appropriate way as process of self awareness building. It also means to give sympathy to someone or oneself when some one in difficulties, and mange to get rid of anxiety, gloom and irritability. Motivating Oneself: Organising emotions in the service of goal is important for self-motivation and creativity. According to ( ) it help to delaying gratification and stifling impulsiveness, and being able to perform well in different works and get into the flow state. Recognising emotions in others: it is the basic interpersonal skills, such as empathy. People who have empathic awareness are accustomed to spot others needs and wants. Handling Relationships: it require the skills in managing relationship and emotions, it is also the ability to interact with others effectively and smoothly. Emotional Intelligence personal relationship EQ is involved how to deal, perceive, understand and manage the emotions, it is helping individual in their relationship. In particular, for the manager to have emotional intelligence competencies, because managers need to engage with employees to achieve agreed goals, they can not work alone. Managers with higher EQ are more likely to be in flow and happy, they able to keep the positive mood, aware the negative mood, have better social life, and better relationship with subordinates. Because, higher EQ managers are able to motivate others through effective teamwork, encourage subordinate to achieve the pleasurable goals. Manger with lower EQ are likely express their feels and emotions in inappropriate way, they face trouble reading the body language, and low sensitivity about their and others feelings and emotion. Mangers with lower EQ whose tend to use authority to create the distance between themselves and subordinates, which is unfavourable for the organisation. Emotional Intelligence transformational leadership Transformational leadership seen as ( ) the ability to bring about significant change. It is relevant in the context of change management. As claimed ( ) transformational leaders able to manage changes in organisations strategy, culture, as well as employees motivation. Transformational leaders provide more freedom to employees, they focus on the intangible element, for instance the vision, value, building solid relationships, rather than controlling the employee by rules, incentives, power. Moreover, the emotional intelligence plays a critical role in the transformational leadership. There are four characteristics for transformational leader when they adopt emotional intelligence. The transformational leader able to provide a vision which desired in the future, it is the vision significantly better and appropriate than other ones. By using emotional intelligence ability, leaders communicate to employees in the way that the difficulties of change can be solved and the effort of change is worth. Transformational leadership moves employee more motivated, employees given opportunity to control, transformational leaders able to motivate employees focus on their own mission and goals, also define the boundaries within it which employee can accomplish it in the relative degree of freedom. Transformational leadership shift the employees concerns from the lower hierarchy of needs (physical needs, safety needs )to higher hierarchy of needs(self-esteem and self-actualization), which means the transformational leader not only meet the lower need through better salary, better working place, these leaders with emotional intelligence also pay attention to employees attitude in terms of personal growth and development. Transformational leaders motivate employees to do more than others, which encourage them to go beyond the self- interests to contribute the organisation. Emotional intelligence transformational leaders able to create the awareness of importance of changes, therefore when the employees admire their leaders, they have high level of trust in transformational leaders, they are positive and confidence about the changes confronted, it leads to willing contribute the organisation beyond the self-interest. Emotional Intelligence Leadership skills As ( ) found that a leader with high EQ is more effective than a leader with high cognitive capability, leaders with high EQ know and understand the secrets of the heart, they have developed what called an educated heart, a sense of personal and social responsibility. Therefore, Leaders with higher emotional intelligence performance better in certain skills, three main significant skills mentioned below: Self-awareness: it enable managers to accurate understand their strength and weakness, self awareness is also related to impulse control and tolerance stress. High EQ managers should able to cope with the difficult and challenging situation. Care Employee: it involves making the ease environment, and making employee relax. It is help to manager control impulse with regard to anger and others emotion, and make employee happy while they work, as a result to increase better teamwork and productivity. Relationship building skills: it is ability to build the relationship with people around which involve inside and outside the organisation. It also involve impulse control and stress tolerance skills, which is the key to in interpersonal managers, it is similar concept as above mentioned Daniel Goleman emotional intelligence model. Critics of Emotional Intelligence Goleman (1995) claims that if we look at sets variables of emotional intelligence persistence, warmth, optimism and so forth. We can predict important life outcomes. The way to interpret the claim is that people with more emotional intelligence traits are likely to be success in the life or workplace. The different traits such as empathy motivation, assertive, tolerance, optimistic, sociability, attention to details, extroversion and so forth, contribute to success. However, Barrick and Mount (1991) carried out research of 24.000 workers, they found top three personality trait which related to emotional intelligence traits which mentioned above. They found altruism and modesty were not related to job success, and extroversion, it include the good feeling and warmth were not predict the success for lawyers, teachers, although it is work in sales people. In addition, some of the series of traits may conflict, for instance people with higher demand to goals may have lower in cooperatio n, furthermore , it is not necessary means that organisation to recruit employee with higher emotional intelligence can be success, because when HR department prepare the job description, according to ( ) traits such as people skills, initiative, and persuasiveness appear in 67% of job description.. So, Golemans claim regarding emotional intelligence is seem like overblown, people with higher emotional intelligence can not be predicted the future success. Secondly, Goleman (1998) claims that Outstanding leaders emotional competencies make up to 85% to 100% of the competencies crucial for success. It not necessary true , because leader not only need to have emotional intelligence, they are also look for opportunity to allow them to lead effectively, and the success leaders always looking for better way to improve their performance. However, as ( ) mentioned clearly, there is link between an individuals ability to manage and generate emotions and leadership. In other hand ( ) discuss that the important of individualized consideration as an aspect of transformational leadership and identify charisma as an aspect of leadership. It means that individual consideration and charisma also the important factor for success leadership. Conclusion Overall, in the first part report, it has clear analysis the relation between change management and emotional intelligence, the organisation need to deal with changes all the time, they need to adopt appropriate strategy, structure, procedures to manage change, the report also mention the change management models, such as Kanters 10 commandments, Pettigrew 5 factors, Kotters 8 failure and success factors, and SARA model. At the second part, it focus on how managers communicate undergoing changing process, the way to aware and monitor employees emotion, the conception of emotional intelligence has been introduced, the different definition also been stressed. Moreover, the theories of emotional intelligence also been listed, it provide the clear picture for managers in what extent and how to utilise the emotional intelligence. The third part of the report, has critical analysis the relationship among emotional intelligence, personal relationship, transformational leadership, leadership skills. It is the way to examine the emotional intelligence in other perspectives. The advantage and disadvantage side of the emotional intelligence in relation to transformational leadership, and the skills need for emotional intelligence managers. At the last part, the critics of emotional intelligence has been arise, the argument been made regarding the claim of Daniel Goleman. First claim about the variable of emotional intelligence can predict the important life outcome. The report has provided the examples and other authors research to argue the thesis. As result, the emotional intelligence has overstated, people with higher emotional intelligence can not predict the future success. The second claim said the Outstanding leaders emotional competencies make up to 85% to 100% of the competencies crucial for success. It is the only significant factor related to leaders success, it is one of many among important factors. Ref

Pete Rose :: essays research papers

Peter Edward Rose was born in Cincinnati in 1941. He said that when he was growing up he rooted for the Cincinnati Reds just like every other kid in the area. In the summertime of most of his childhood years he played baseball constantly. He also played in high school, however he thinks that he was a better football player than a baseball player in school. He said that he liked to play football more because many people would attend the games, and not many showed up for baseball. "You could throw a bomb into the stands at our (high school) baseball games, and you wouldn't kill anyone". If it wasn't for Pete's uncle, who was a scout for the Cincinnati Reds, he would never nave played baseball. His uncle saw him play in high school and signed him to a contract with the Reds farm system. Pete started out at the class "A" level. He rose up quickly making the starting roster for the Reds opening day team in the same year, 1963. On opening day Pete said he wasn't nervous at all until about 10 minutes before the game. It hit him that he was now starting for the Cincinnati Reds, when not more than a year ago he thought football was his life. He walked in his first at bat, on 4 straight pitches. He said it wasn't because of nerves though, he just didn't want to swing. He got his first hit in the majors three games later, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. 	Pete played with the Cincinnati Reds from 1963 to 1978, and then he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. He played in Philly from 1979 to 1983, and then he went to the Montreal Expos for 1984. He stayed only one half year in Montreal, having a desire to retire in his hometown Cincinnati. He played his final two and a half years, 1984-1986, in Cincinnati, and then he retired. He then went on to become the Reds manager from 1987 to 1989. 	During his career Pete Rose was called "Charlie Hustle" because of the way that he played. He played a "blue-collar" game of baseball, running out everything, and diving headfirst into bases with regularity. Few players can or will ever match the passion that Pete Rose played with. Rose was the leadoff hitter for Cincinnati's "big red machine" which was a force in baseball in the 1970's.

lalala land :: essays research papers

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Of Mice & Men :: essays research papers

This novel is set on the Californian Grain Farms in the 1930’s. The town is called Soledad and is four miles south of San Jose. The inspiration for the book probably came from a poem by Robert Burns. The poem was about the plans of mice and men going wrong. The book generally is about all of the migrant workers, all with their own dreams. The main characters George and Lennie go from farm to farm, trying to work up a stake and save enough to buy their own farm. The other characters in the book are also all lonely in their own way. Crooks is black and the blacks are seen as outcasts. Curley’s wife is a woman and therefore insignificant, perhaps this is why she has not been given a name. Candy has become old, and without his hand is next to useless. George is a typical migrant worker. He’s not particularly strong, but he’s smart and good at his job. The difference between him and the rest of the workers is that he has someone to call a friend. Lennie is the opposite of George in every physical way. He’s much taller and better built, and consequently an amazing worker. Unfortunately for him and George he is not very intelligent. George enjoys going to brothels, getting drunk and generally wasting his money. Lennie adores animals and he likes to pet them. He forgets how strong he is and usually kills them. They both share the dream of one day owning their own farm. George wants freedom to work how he wants, and Lennie wants to tend the rabbits. There is a very strong bond between the two. Lennie looks up to George and has a great amount of respect and admiration. Lennie could not survive without him. George feels sorry for Lennie but finds him almost impossible to deal with, because he always gets them into trouble. Although George would not admit it, he also needs Lennie. Lennie is the on who attracts the bosses, because of his capability. George is just an average worker, and only gets jobs because he controls Lennie. They both grew up in auburn. George knew Lennie’s aunt who was taking care of Lennie, and when she died, George took over. Candy is an old man who has been at the ranch for some time. He can remember people who have come and gone previously.

Of Mice and Men Intro and Conc

Introduction and conclusion to ‘of mice and men’ essay Introduction My topic of this essay is ‘How John Steinbeck develops the character of Lennie throughout the novel’ My first point is that Steinbeck develops Lennie’s character very frequently throughout the novel however there are times where Lennie doesn’t develop at all such as when he says ‘im gonna tend the rabbits’ over and over again this shows how Lennie hasn’t developed and keeps going on about the same thing and shows no change at all.Also the fact that Lennie is portrayed as a child links to this as children always rant for something over and over again another quote to show this would be ‘an im gonna live off the fatta the land’ which shows that Lennie has hopes and dreams like a child does. This fact links to the point that John Steinbeck likes children a lot and says that children have a sense of specialty so this is maybe why Steinbeck has decid ed to portray the character of Lennie in this manner. ConclusionOverall I think that John Steinbeck has developed the character of Lennie many times throughout the novel and mainly this links to the ‘Lacan mirror theory’ which shows that children only really express their real identities when they see themselves for the first time in a mirror and this fact links to Lennie as he doesn’t know his own strength until he crushes Curley’s hand this shows that Lennie doesn’t know himself very well and therefore shows development in his character as he is becoming more independent and bold but there are also times where he reforms into a child again.Lastly I would like to say that there have been various developments in Lennie’s character and John Steinbeck has carried them out in a very structured way.

Development Theories

Erik Erikson elaborated Freud's genital stage  in adolescence, and added three stages of adulthood (William, 2011). The eight stages according to Mcleod are: Trust Versus Mistrust (birth – 1 year), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 – 3 years), Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 5 years), Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority (6 – 12 years), Identity vs. Role Confusion (13 – 18 years), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) and Ego Integrity vs. Despair (old age). I am going to discuss the first two.At infancy, children learn to trust or/and mistrust people and environment. I still have family members I am uncomfortable being around because they use to tickle me as a child. Now there is always a sense of mistrust when I am around them. As toddlers, (18 months-3 years) take pride in self and learn to face fears or self-doubt. This is the stage where we gain sphincter control and begin potty training. If our car egivers are overly critical or impatient, or if they demean our efforts, we develop feelings of shame and doubt.After my mum showed me a few times how to go potty, I would tell her I did not want her in the toilet and I could do it myself. This gave me a sense of autonomy and self-esteem. For Erikson, psychosocial development involves certain crises which the individual must face at each stage. Reference McLeod, S. A. (2008). Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages. Retrieved from  http://www. simplypsychology. org/Erik-Erikson. html#sthash. dBmFr2FJ. dpbs Crain, William (2011). Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications (6th ed. ).

Communication and Crisis Paper Essay

A crisis is an occurrence that exceeds a person’s normal copying ability Du Prà © (2005). When unexpected, sudden situations occur it affects a community. When things happen that we are not prepared for, it can create chaos and negative outcomes can occur. One of the most common unexpected situations is natural disaster, when nature decides to unexpectedly show us what it is capable, sometimes it can be devastating. However, man made disaster can also occur and cause just as much devastation. Hurricane Katrina and The Three Mile Island nuclear reactor are great examples of disasters that caused great alarm and devastation. These two were deal different and communicated in different ways to the public because of the technology and resources available at the time it happen. As a Director of a regional Emergency Management Office, using these two scenarios as learning experience will help create a plan to address within the organization as well as with the public to try to use b est practices to avoid same mistakes in order to be successful at communicating but not alarming the community. It will be important to take into consideration the types and appropriate communication channesl to use inside and outside the organization, as well as analyzing the advantages and challenges faced to communicate with different groups outside the organization as well as the public. Individual or groups that will be communicating inside and outside the organization As a regional director of this Management Office, the main job is to keep people up to date of the situation at hand. The chain of command is critical to making sure services and resources are utilized in a timely manner without duplication Shover (2007). The first step is to communicate everyone in the organization of the situation at hand by an immediate phone conference with upper management followed by a memo to the rest of the  organization with a plan of action. If a crisis is not well handled that can damage the organizations reputation and credibility Hicks (2012). It will be important to appoint a spokes person to be in charged of dealing with the media, and also create a hot line for people to call with concerns regarding the situation. Simultaneously, contact all local and public health agencies, state public health agencies, federal public agencies, any Emergency medical services, hospitals, nongovernmental response such as American Red Cross, CERT, Faith based organization as well as business. According to Shover (2007) The Standard Emergency Management System (SEMS) (Governor’s Office, 1994) is an incident command system (ICS) and was initiated into California law in 1991. The basics of SEMS are to enhance coordination and communication of information and mutual aid resources between local and state authorities during an emergency. By using the state and governmental agencies, it will help to use their communication channels, since they communicate with each other, it will create a fast response and at the same time it cause that the public to get good communication with out creating a panic. Advantages and Challenges Associated with Communication with The Groups One of the biggest challenges with communicating with various groups in this situation will be trying to keep everyone calmed and up to date with all the appropriate information within the organization as well as other groups outside the organization. Many organizations create a comprehensive crisis plans in order to be prepared for any crisis Hicks (2012). If people with in the organization are not aware of what is going on, and what plan to implement, they will not be able to act appropriately and perform their job duties, and that can cause a bigger chaos. The director’s job is to be able to choose appropriate communication channels to keep all the employees in the organization informed as well with a plan of action to portray a sense of calmness regardless of what is going on and that can be hard. If the appropriate communication channels are not used, they organization can fall apart and the public will suffer the effects of their challenges. If the public is not informed of what is going on using the correct channels of communication, they will feel a sense of distrust and panic can arise. That is why is important to keep the information simple, accurate, honest and delivered in a timely manner. If they are issues where they don’t know the answer its ok to say so instead of covering  information. The public needs to know that there will be an action plan in order and that the organization has the situation under control. Helping the public to understand the roles of the different agencies will help them to keep invol ved. If other organizations don’t keep calm, then they can also can cause a bigger chaos which will make the twice is hard to deal with the original situation. Now not only they will have to worry about the life-threatening biological agent situation, but now they will need to figure out a way to keep everyone calm and that can slow down the operation of the emergency plan at hand. Advantages of keeping everyone informed will help in managing the crisis at hand and increase in productivity within and out side the organization. If all the employees of the organization are well informed of what is going on, they will be able to perform all their duties accordingly, making easier to manage the situation. If all the other agencies and private sectors are well communicated of the local organization’s plan of action, they can help support their efforts. Keeping everyone calmed and giving them options of what can be done and what other organizations are doing to support the public will help create a sense of cohesiveness and control of the situation which will in exchange keep everyone calmed. Differences in Communication Processes Used The crisis situations with the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor used different sources of communication that the ones used with Hurricane Katrina. What they had in common is that hey used the best communication that they had available at the time. In the case of the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor they used the three major networks and local radio stations which was the best and more efficient way to inform people at that time. In the case of Hurricane Katrina since there was more technology available they used newer sources like internet, cell phones, text messages and other websites to disseminate information which was the best sources to get the information to the public. Because most of the local channels of radio and television were affected and the infrastructures was affected they had to expand communication to outside of the community to bring resources in. Of course television and radio was used, but compared with the Three Mile Island reactor more technology was available. Taking this into consideration, as a Regional Director’s job, finding the correct channels to  disseminate the information will be a big task and using the most up to day and the most effective channels will be the key to success. Depending of the crisis or disaster at hand the right channels need to be used initially and if the initial channels are not effective it will be important to reassess to be more successful. Appropriate Technology to Use In the case of the biological agent crisis, the director will make sure that the correct channels of communication are used. Different channels are available at different times to try to reach different types of population. Phone, as well as hot lines, local, surrounding, state wide and even countrywide communities radio, newspaper, television, internet, other organizations websites, email to other agencies and distribution lists, social media, blogs, photo videos like Skype, You Tube will be appropriate. It will be important to keep in mind all of the possible channels that people have available and unavailable to make sure no one is left uninformed. Print media will be easy to distribute to big and small groups within and outside the organization. Multimedia like TV will help engage large audiences, and easy to remember. Internet will be fast, simple, intended for those that are more technology savvy. The use of smart phones, text will help give rise to using social media as well for fast, and spreadable information. How Technology Differs from the Scenarios to Now The technology was used different in the scenarios due to the time and accessibility at the time as well as the difference in the type of scenario. For example in the case of Three Mile nuclear reactor television and local radio was the main way to disseminate the information because that was the most effective form at that time. Also the type of thread didn’t affect any infrastructure, which was the case in Hurricane Katrina. Since the infrastructure was affected, they used Television and radio outside the local area and instead they used more Internet and newer technology to reach a more people to get help from the outside in. The technology now compared with the one in 1979 with the Three mile nuclear reactor is definitely different and more effective, how ever between Katrina and now there is not as much difference other than a lot of more social media, blogging and Photo video are more common now then during that time. Media Opportunities As a director of the regional Management Office using the media will be beneficial. It will be important to keep in mind the advantages and disadvantages of this source of communication because if it not used appropriately it can back fire in the progress and success of maintaining calm and correct consistent message. According to Stephenson, (1982) News media have a vested interest in catastrophes, therefore, The key is to make sure the organization come forth first with the right and credible information as well as provide people with information currently available and keep them updated to avoid the media to take over and creates chaos. Make sure to appoint a spokes person in behalf of the organization to give the updates to the media to make sure the correct information is passed to the public and other agencies. As an organization making sure the spokes person understands the importance of this role is key because critical decision will need to be made during this crisis period Hicks (2012). When a crisis arises people tend to feel a big sense of change and it can result in sense of temporary or permanent change that can cause panic and or denial, that is why is important to always have a plan when disasters or emergencies occur. During those challenging trying to come up with a solution right there in there can be challenging but if you have a plan to fall back on it can release some stress during a stressful situation. When unexpected happens you will never be one hundred percent prepared because two situations are not exactly the same but when you have some type of emergency plan in place as well as preparation your organization or family will be more equipped to face the challenges. When natural and man made disasters or emergencies occur like Hurricane Katrina and The Three mile nuclear reactor scenario is important have a plan and be able to keep as many people informed and safe. Thinking about the right strategies and the right use of communication channels as well as the partnership with other organization will help to the success and safety of the people. References Du Prà ©, A. (2005). Communicating About Health. Current Issues and Perspectives (2nd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Shover, H. (2007). Understanding the chain of communication during a disaster. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 43(1), 4-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200766796?accountid=458 Stephenson, D. R. (1982). How To Turn Pitfalls Into Opportunities In Crisis Situations. Public Relations Quarterly, 27(3), 11. Hicks, Nancy. j. (2012). Health Industry Communication: New Media, New Methods, New Message,. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Clash of titans: East vs. West

Europe includes an immense diversity of cultures and languages that developed side by side; Asia on the other hand had been developing on its own for centuries before Europe began to evolve. So how did the â€Å"peninsula of Asia†, become not only a strong force in the West, but a global power. Through the different articles we read, Illustrated History of Europe, Roberts' A History of Europe, Davies' Europe: A History, Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel, Landes' The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, and Hanson's Carnage and Culture one can understand how and why the later developing Europe became the dominate power over the already powerful Asia. The Illustrated History of Europe calls Europe a divided continent, but one civilization. Europe's wide plains, for example the Great Northern Plain, only aid to an easy invasion from the east which happened numerous times throughout Europe's history. Europe also has a high diversity of languages, 43 in total, that were originated from Sanskrit. Because of this, Europe's language, in written from, is based on a consonantal system rather than that of an ideographic system such as the Chinese use. This article broke down Europe's civilization into three different bases: democracy originating from the Greeks, law coming from the Romans, and finally, the value of individualism and liberty derived from the Christians. Roberts and Davies mainly describe Europe's geography and how it affected the development of the people within. Roberts described Europe as a â€Å"peninsula of Asia†, being surrounded on its boundaries, primarily by water. This was why Europe was able to develop on its own. The bodies of water, plus the plains and heavily forested inner regions, caused people to become very isolated from one another thus letting them make their own decisions and also forming their own languages. Western Europe's temperate climate aided by the Gulf Stream kept its environment mild year round, plus with the addition of a good amount of rain made it easy to farm without irrigation. Central and Eastern Europe were not as lucky, however, because they experienced fluctuations in temperature and rainfall. Diamond discussed how the â€Å"creation† of the farmer through the domestication of plants and animals led to the development of guns, germs, and steel. He compared the â€Å"hunter/gather† peoples with the â€Å"food producing† peoples, to demonstrate the benefit of the farmer. With a farming group, one could devote one's time to other jobs, and thus become â€Å"specialists†. These specialists could master an art or trade instead of spending time searching for food, and eventually evolved to become the kings, bureaucrats, soldiers, priests, and artisans. The domestications of plants and animals was an integral part of the development of the farming culture over that of the hunting culture. For example, the peapod when it is ripe will â€Å"explode† and drop its seeds onto the ground. The only thing left on the plant after this occurs are the pea pods that did not explode. Thus those were the ones which we were able to eat because they were the only ones we were able to gather. We would therefore only disperse the seeds of the â€Å"non-exploding† pea pods through our excrement or our garbage dumps. In the end the hunter/gatherers will eventually die out because they do not have the steel to make tools as well as the weapons that the farmers have and thus will, in time, be destroyed. Latitude played a huge role in the rise of farmers in Europe. Due to the similar latitude throughout Europe the growing season is relatively the same, along with a relatively equal climate. The easy spread of germs came about because people lived in crowded villages where a disease could simply pass from one household to another. Plus with the domestication of animals, the animals now lived in close quarters to the people and thus contributed to the spread of diseases. When the European explorers introduced germs to the Native Americans, many Native Americas were killed because they didn't have the built up resistance because of the lack of domesticated animals. Because of Europe's close proximity to animals many of the world's diseases have originated there. The Fertile Crescent was a very ecologically fragile area. It ended up being destroyed due to deforestation, and erosion, as well as other factors and now is mainly desert. The Great Man theory said that a few great men can influence the events of history. One of the main reasons Europe â€Å"outdid† China was because of Europe was fragmented, whereas China was totally united, this basically meant that competition could flourish while in China what was said was unquestioned. Landes covered some of what was in the Roberts article as well as what was in the Davies article. He discussed the Gulf Stream and the immense forests, but he also pointed out facts about riverside civilizations. People gathered around rivers because they not only provided water, but also a mode of transportation. Riverside civilizations, because of their strategic importance were, however, more likely to have a ruler. In riverside civilizations if the ruler needed money or more land then he would just take what they wanted from the people. As far as property goes in the West, where there was no need for riverside civilizations due to the temperate climate and abundant rainfall, there was a deep commitment to private property; so much so that even kings did not take their subjects property. During the period of 1000 – 1500 AD, five â€Å"great† inventions were made. These inventions were deemed the â€Å"inventions of inventions†. The inventions were the mechanical clock, gunpowder, eyeglasses, printing, and the water wheel. Gunpowder, in China was used as a defense, but in the European's hands it became an offensive weapon. Eyeglasses â€Å"created† an additional work force from the many people who had poor eyesight but were in overall good physical condition. Printing was used to spread knowledge, so ideas no longer had to be passed by word of mouth. The water wheel became an addition source of power. The mechanical clock, in my opinion the most important, kept people task oriented, and because people always want the most accurate time we kept improving upon it and it turn improved upon all inventions. This was the economic revolution, which was only comparable to when humans went from hunter/gatherers to food producers. Hanson stated that the reason the West fought so well was because Europeans fought for their own land. Peoples in the West had a voice in what happened, militarily and politically, whereas peoples in the east had none. An example of this would be the battle of Salamis, the Greek soldiers got together only hours before the battle to decide if fighting this fight was really worth it. On the Persian side, however, the soldiers had no say in it, and fought that battle not necessarily wanting to fight for the cause. Due to the West's freedom, private property, domestication of plants and animals and the movement from hunter/gatherers to food producers were all factors why the less developed Europe came to overpower the already strong Asia. If Asia had had a these â€Å"fundamentals† as did the West think how different the world would be.

Salem Witch Trials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Salem Witch Trials - Research Paper Example The outcome was sure but not short. The female convict often with her baby, were put to hellish inferno till their last breath. The following paper highlights those torments that the women had endured in the background of Salem Witch Trials. Witchcraft and black magic had always cast deep horror and doubt among human beings, belonging to different strata and countries of the world. Anything that apparently unexplainable through common sense or substantial investigation had either been termed as divine or evil. In this battle of two extremities the later often gained much weight out of the fear of the common people. Like other countries of the world United States of America (USA) was no exception regarding its attitude towards witchcraft and subsequent steps and trials that had been taken against the same. Among them Salem Witch Trial might be considered as the most significant that had paved a new angle to that atrocity. Marilynne K. Roach describes Salem witch trials as â€Å"one o f the American history’s favorite stereotypes of intolerance and superstition, a tragedy with popular associations of magical evil and Halloween jokes† (Roach, 2004, p.xv). ... 59). As time passed by, the colony admitted to the fact that the results of the trials were mistakenly interpreted and the convicted families were compensated accordingly. The shadow casting of the trials brings with it the essence of paranoia and injustice within the quintessence of the populace of the later times. Boiling down to a pinpoint inspection it can be inferred that the victims were women and they faced the evil consequences. Varied ideas are associated with the Salem witch trials like the outgrowth of conflicts among the merchant and trading class alone with the disposition of the Puritanical doctrine. Again this paper will drive its omnipotent focus on the role of the women and their perils in the society of that at the background the periphery of Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch trials highlighted the fact that the colonial New England was subject to subordination along with immense oppression towards women of any age and that often came behind the veil of superstiti on as a justification of those heinous offenses. Disintegrated into a prosperous town and a farming village the inhabitants of the Salem village were basically in a dilemma to seek either ecclesiastical or political independence from the town. In 1689, after winning the rights of establishing their own church, the villagers had chosen the monk Samuel Parris as their minister who was a merchant before adopting priestly hood. Parris’s perturbed exploitative mechanism of appropriation led to the generation of rigorous friction amongst the inhabitants and that eventually resulted in termination of salary contribution in October 1691. In 1685, King James II's

Business Financial Markets Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Financial Markets - Case Study Example Efforts are taken to identify the potential causes behind the downfall of the company. The purpose of the study is to gain understanding regarding the importance of financial risk assessment, compliance of regulations and proper management of credit grants. Dynamic Oil Trading was established in the year 2012, with its headquarters in Singapore and operations spread across the globe. It is a subsidiary of the Danish firm OW Bunker. Apart from Singapore the company is strategically present in Dubai. It also has ambitious plans of expanding into the nations of Europe, Asia and America. The company is operates in the field of oil bunkering and marine fuel logistics. It has been successful at establishing strong corporate relations in Singapore and run an efficient fuel supply chain. The company works with global partners and traders who believe in fast paced growth and operates in high energy environments. The prime objective of Dynamic Oil is to provide consumers with timely delivery of oil and lubricants, irrespective of different issues and challenges. The company is stated to be made up of traders possessing high experience in the field of oil bunkering and logistics. The company remains proud of its successful of corporate links whic h has facilitated in the establishment of a strong and well integrated supply chain. Dynamic oil believes that acquiring high liquidity and possessing suitable financial strengths is essential for the delivery of products on time and with bets possible deals. Shipping and fuel procurement in general is a complex business process, which requires trading oil and lubricant profitably. Hence the company is strategically involved in the financial markets. In order to attract business, the company assures its clients with full value for money. However the recent involvement of the company in alleged scandals and fraudulent dealings involving the financial markets has led the company into

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 41

History - Essay Example the said countries, thereby proving how free trade can surely lead to an increase in wealth and competitiveness; with families, farmers, workers, manufacturers reaping real benefits accrued from this free trade. NAFTA developed to eliminate the trade tariffs in the three countries and was anticipated to increase the United States imports to Mexico dramatically being that lower tariffs had been introduced. It has helped boost inter-regional trade between the three countries though has not succeeded in generating of jobs and the deeper regional economic development as earlier planned. Clintons on the other hand underwent various scandals when in office including the whitewater scandal, cattle futures gate, travel gate, Gennifer flowers gate, file gate, Vince foster gate, among others. In this discussion we shall focus on these scandals and their effect to America together with NAFTA and its effects to America as well. We find Clinton having a hand in both scandals and NAFTA. The variou s similarities and differences in the two will also be examined and thereby come out clearly as we read on. NAFTA has been able to broaden trade relations with the United States manufacturers creating supply chains across North America thereby making companies more globally competitive. Experts however disagree with the idea that the economic growth experienced in the United States, Mexico and Canada, the higher wages and increased trade with each other is entirely attributed to NAFTA, given the economic forces present. They believe that liberalization of trade would still have been made possible without NAFIA in the picture. It was supplemented by the North American Agreement on environmental co-operation and the North American agreement on labor co operation in order to prevent businesses from relocating to take advantage of lower wages, more lenient laws about the health and safety of workers, together with the less strict laws on the environment. The NAFTA agreement contained

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Prostitution - Essay Example The first main point for evaluation is the point of human rights. Perkins (1991) wrote about human rights in support of prostitution: â€Å"The decriminalisation of the prostitution legislation, therefore, would immediately free prostitutes from the shackles of unjust laws, but it would also be a positive step in removing a punitive threat to all women, especially those who aspire to freedom of sexual choice.† This is a main point because I strongly disagree with prostitution, and yet, Perkins presented an interesting concept that prostitution is a freedom of sexual choice. It is a good example of freedom of autonomy over one’s body that is hard to oppose. I definitely do not see prostitution as a sort of freedom, but prostitutes can claim their bodies as their own, therefore underscoring their human right to their job of choice. Post (2013) opposed Perkins when she said: â€Å"The practice of prostitution brands all women as something that can be bought and sold; and therefore, just like slaves, less than full humans who deserve the complete panoply of human rights.† I agree with her that prostitution is dehumanising, so it means it is not aligned with human rights. To be a prostitute is to be a slave to gender-based sexual desires that is not what humanity should be. I truly think that to have human rights and freedoms, prostitutes should have access to other alternative jobs. Leidholdt (1993) also disagreed with Perkins that prostitution is a human right or freedom: â€Å"[Prostitution] is about the absence of meaningful choices; about having alternative routes to survival cut off or being in a situation where you don’t have options to begin with† (p.136). I chose this as a main point because I agree that prostitution is against human rights because many prostitutes are known to say that they would leave prostitution

The Finland Phenomenon Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Finland Phenomenon - Coursework Example The government funds all the institutes, creates scholarships and benefits for deserving students, international students are given opportunities to come and study in Finnish universities, scholarships are provided to international students and all students are treated equally irrespective of their race and ethnicity. Whereas when we observe the education system of the United States, we get to know that although the government funds a lot of public institutes, it does not however fund colleges and universities. Funding by the government is provided only for specific purposes such as research projects. Students are made to get loans on high interests and spend their lives working to pay it off. Although the government of US creates scholarships but only in a limited number and those who fail to get a scholarship fail to continue their study whereas in Finland, free education enables everyone to pursue their dreams. The Finnish and American education systems have some unique student and teacher behaviors and characteristics. Some of them include: teachers being kind and generous to their students and students giving respect to the teachers. Also, one of the most important characteristic of the teachers was their interest in teaching the students and making them a better person by getting down to the mental level of the students, helping them and guiding them in the professional as well as personal lives and being more of a friend than teachers. This video gives us important information and guidelines related to the educational systems of two of the most respected and great nations of the world. Also, it guides us to develop the education systems of third world countries such as ones in Asia and Africa. It teaches us how we can work in a better way to communicate with students and create a better educational environment. One the most

Political Economy of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Political Economy of the European Union - Essay Example states, assuring the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfreedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital’.  It preserves a common trade policy,  agricultural and  fisheries  policies,  and a regional development policy.  Fifteen member states have implemented a common currency, the  euro. It has build up a role in  foreign policy, and represents its members in the  World Trade Organization, at  G8  summits and at the  United Nations. Twenty-one EU nations are part of  NATO. It has also taken up a responsibility in justice and home affairs, which includes the elimination of passport control between many member nations under the  Schengen Agreement. (Alan, 2007) The EU functions through a hybrid mechanism of  intergovernmentalism  and  supranationalism. In particular areas it relies on agreement among the member states. However, it also possesses supranational bodies, thus is competent to make judgments without agreement between each and every national governments. Among the prominent institutions and bodies of the EU are the  European Commission, the  European Parliament, the  Council of the European Union, the  European Council, the  European Court of Justice,  and the  European Central Bank. In every five years, the Parliament is elected by the EU citizens. Origins of the EU go back to the formation of the  European Coal and Steel Community,  formed among six countries in 1951 and the  Treaty of Rome  in 1957. Thereafter the EU has expanded in size via accession of new associate states, and in authority by adding new policy areas to its remit. (Richard, 2006) Subsequent to the  Second World War, efforts made towards European integration were viewed as a get away approach from the intense forms of nationalism, which had ravaged the continent.  The  formation of the European Coal and Steel Community was among one such attempt to bring together Europeans. While having the unassuming aim of federal control of the formerly national coal and steel industries of its member nations, it

Discussion Forum510 #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Forum510 #6 - Essay Example The basics of infection prevention and control entail determining the chances that a person may be infected and the modes that can facilitate its contraction. Furthermore, everyone is encouraged to take precautions in concern to all the typical safety measures and ways that the infection can be using to transmit; moreover, the criteria should have the application of risk management basics and processes. Decisively, any living organism ought to have a way of transmitting to and from different people and since an infection takes time before it is established health agencies are skeptical about the many dissimilar modes of transmission that there is (Marian 2012). The aspect of uncertainty calls for every standard precaution that begins from ensuring hygiene of the body but mostly hands and wearing personal protective equipment such as aprons/gowns, gloves, face and eye protective wear for almost every process. Apart from the basic safeguards, the situation also calls for additional safety measures regarding how one handles and disposes sharp objects, waste or linen; also, management of the working environment, politeness when coughing, and the ecological instruments or equipment require absolute salvaging. The third set, though equally significant set of precautions is on applying safety measures based on transmission and range from touching base, globule and airborne depending on the different symptoms and assumptions (Goodman 2005). The final phase of the standard and transmission based precautions is on dealing with eruption circumstances and multi-resistant organisms, and taking a risk management approach to all procedures through the use of therapeutic devices and proposed surgical procedures. After establishing the above processes, precautions and procedures, the health agencies leaders partake in management and clinical governance where different people are designated

Evolution of thoughts in Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Evolution of thoughts in Scientific Management Essay At the first stage where groups of people were insignificant, management in all spheres was carried out by one person the leader of this group. Further, in process of group growth and complication of functions carried out by them, the necessity of labour division and group differentiation has appeared. But it couldnt happen at once, it required centuries. The Egyptian pyramids build in 3000 2000 B.C. are a good example not only ancient Egyptians culture, but also their administrative art. Construction of huge pyramids demanded, first of all, precise planning. While the practice of management can be traced back to 3000 B.C., it was not given serious attention until 1800 when large organisations emerged. Industrial revolution has given a push to development of theoretical researches and management practices. However, till an epoch of capitalism function of management was carried out by the owner himself and a small group of the persons approached to him. The role of the specially trained managers developed during an epoch of monocapitalism. Having been faced with a competition, changeable environment, managers developed knowledge system of how it is better to use resources. During all history of management development we distinguish two approaches: classical and modern. Classical approach allows to allocate four patterns of management thought: 1898 Scientific management 1916 Administrative management 1920 Bureaucracy 1927 Human relations SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Occurrence of scientific management takes place at the beginning of 20th century and is connected to F.W.Taylors name, Henri L.Gantt, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth. Scientific management focuses on worker and machine relationship. Organisational productivity can be increased by increasing the efficiency of production process. In 1911, Frederick Taylor, known as the Father of scientific management, published Principles of Scientific Management in which he proposed to design  work methods to increase productivity. One of his famous experiments was performed at Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh. He examined the time and movements, developed a better method for performing that job and trained the worker. In addition, Taylor offered a piece rate that increased as workers produced more. Taylors studies were followed by Gibreths, a husband and a wife, who also helped to find more efficient ways for workers to produce output. Frank Gilbreth made his contribution in the field of brick lying by changing an 18 step process into 5 step that led to increased productivity by about 200 percent. The Gibreths believed that were was one best way to perform an operation. However this one best way could be replaced when a better way was introduced. Other representative of Scientific Management was Henri Gantt. He developed a Gantt chart, which is used for scheduling multiple task over a time period. He developed a pay system with a guaranteed minimum wage and bonus systems for people on fixed wages and brought in a significant contribution to the leadership theory development. ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Unlike Scientific Management which focused its attention on productivity, Administrative Management have engaged in development of management in the organisation as a whole and was concerned about administrative part of the organisation. The ancestor of this school was Henri Fayol. He worked as a mining engineer and came to realise that managing an enterprise required a lots of skills apart from technical ones. Henri Fayol was the first to identify the four management functions: Planning Organising Leading Controlling He also developed guidelines for managers to follow. These guidelines form fourteen principles for effective management. Other contributor to Administrative Management was Mary Parker Follet. She pointed out that all managers want flexibility, and she also distinguished between the motivation of individuals and groups. BUREAUCRACY Max Weber, known as a father of Modern Sociology, concentrated on how to structure an organisation for success. Weber outlined key elements of an ideal form of structure, which he believed would develop efficiency and called it bureaucracy. The bureaucratic structure had a number of important advantages for large organisations. The division of labour increased efficiently due to the continued repetition of the task. Hierarchy allowed developing a chain of command. Format selection meant that employees were hired on knowledge and experience and no other criteria would be used. Career orientation ensured that career professionals would give the organisation a degree of continuity in operations. Rules and procedures controlled employee performance. The impersonality of the organisation ensured that rules were applied across the board without personality or other influence getting in the way. HUMAN RELATIONS During the 1920s, an emphasis on the human side of the workplace began to influence management thinking. They started to realise that people are social and self-actualising. People at work are seemed to seek satisfying social relationships, respond to group pressures, and search for personal fulfilment. The human relations movement began with the Hawthorne Studies that were conducted at the Western Electric Company in Cicero 1924 -1933. The intention of these studies was to determine the effect of working conditions on productivity. The illumination experiments tried to determine whether better lighting would lead to increased productivity. Both the control group and the experimental group of female employees produced more whether the lights were turned up or down. It was discovered that this increased productivity was a result of the attention received by the group. In the relay assembly group experiments, six female employees worked in a special, separate area. They were given breaks and had the freedom to talk and were continuously observed by a researcher who served as the supervisor. Once again researches failed to find any direct relationship between changes in physical working conditions and output. Productivity increased regardless of the changes made. Two factors were set up as having special importance. One was the group atmosphere; the workers shared pleasant social relations with one another and wanted to do a good job. The other was more participative supervision. The workers were made to feel important, were given a lot of information, and were frequently asked for their opinions. It was not the case in their regular jobs. The final Hawthorne Study was conducted in the bank wiring room and centred on the role of the work group. A surprise finding here was that people would restrict their output in order to avoid the displeasure of the group. It was recognised that group can have strong negative, as well as positive influences on individual productivity. Two writers who helped advance the human relation movement were Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. In 1943, Maslow advanced a theory suggesting that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Which are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation needs. People try to satisfy the five needs in sequence. They progress step by step from the lowest up to the highest. Meanwhile Douglas McGregor represents Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor, managers holding Theory X believe that those who work for them generally dislike work, lack ambitions, are irresponsible and prefer to be led rather than to lead. While in the Theory Y managers believe that people willing to work are capable of self-control, are willing to accept responsibility, are imaginative and creative. CONCLUSIONS Scientific Management Analysis of the past allows a better understanding of the present to predict the future Scientific Management improved peoples productivity at work by reducing number of motions choosing one best way to perform the task. However, Scientific Management was not without its critics. Taylor assumed that people were motivated only by money and ignored social and psychological factors. Also, Scientific Management techniques often resulted in lay-offs and it led to job losses. Relationship between the organisation and environment wasnt taken to attention. Despite these criticisms, we use some of scientific techniques nowadays. For instance, on factory that produces mobile phones, the whole production mechanism is broken down to small tasks. The workers are guided by carefully calculated standards. They know how many details they should approximately produce per hour. Each movement is chosen carefully in order to reduce excess motions. I have been working in a hotel industry for three years. The scientific management techniques have been used in my department as well. To make checking in and out more efficient everyone had his or her own best way of performing the task. Administrative Management. Nowadays Faylols five main functions gained widespread recognition. Lets take a hotel, for instance. Managers have to make plans for the future, organise short-term plans, co-ordinate recourses and finances, and control plans get their goals. In the Royal Bayswater Hotel, where I worked, managers aim was to get a Service Excellence Award. They planed to increase service by: training the staff; paying more attention to internal customers because happy staff is happy customers and by trying to exceed customers expectations. During all this process managers were controlling if everything was following the plans. And as a result to everybodys effort the hotel has been awarded with Best Excellence Service Award Bureaucracy While the term Bureaucracy has a negative meaning some of its elements are still relevant. In the earlier mentioned hotel, for example, staff is selected and promoted on ability to perform the task. Workers are career orientated. In order to obtain the organisational objectives procedures are measured and performed according to the organisational rules and standards. Standards and rules applied without personal influence. Human Relations Until the late 20th human relationship hasnt been taken to serious consideration. It has only been  after Hawthorne Experiments, the improvement of relations between all levels has been accepted as a very important element in the development and improvement of any organisation . This is still have a great importance  nowadays. The job of the manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to encourage, teach, control, motivate and lead people. But that easier said than done. At my place of work there were different people with different needs. While some of them were satisfied with physiological and safety needs, the others there seeking for recognition from others, self-control and actualisation. So managers couldnt expect a good performance at work if an individuals needs havent been satisfied. We also had two types of managers. 1 Those who followed Theory X assumption 2 Those who followed Theory Y assumption As for me it was more difficult to work who doesnt give you much freedom for your thoughts, and things that supervision is a necessity. On the other hand, it was a pleasure to work with someone who allows more flexibility, and thinks that control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work. As a result they got more commitment to the organisation. LIST OF REFERENCES 1 ManagementStephen P. Robbinsons, Mary Coulter, 7 edition 2 Management John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 8 edition 3 Management John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 7 edition 4Management Ricky W. Griffin 7 edition 5 Modern Management Siobhan D. Tiernan, Michael J. Morley, Edel Foley www.sfsu.edu/~erich/slides2/-5k www.ee.uwa.edu.au/~ccroft/em333/leca02.html-12k www.evolutionevent.co.uk/-2k